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Biology 152- Anatomy And Physiology > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Anatomy

A

The science of structure and the relationships among structures

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2
Q

Define physiology

A

Is the science of body functions, that is how the body parts work.

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3
Q

The six levels of organization of the human body

A

Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, and organismal

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4
Q

Which two things are used in the chemical level

A

The chemical level includes atoms, and molecules.

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5
Q

What level do molecules combine to form structures at the next level of organization?

A

The cellular level

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6
Q

What are tissues?

A

Tissues are the groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function.

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7
Q

What are the 4 basic types of tissue in the body?

A

Epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous

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8
Q

At what level of structural organization has a recognizable shape and is composed of two or more tissues that have a specific function

A

The organ level

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9
Q

What is the largest level of structural organization

A

The organismal level

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10
Q

Describe the chemical level of organization in the human body

A

The chemical level of organization in the human body and provides the foundation of all higher levels of organization. This level includes Atoms and molecules. At this level interactions between atoms and molecules create the environment necessary for life.

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11
Q

Describe the cellular level of of organization in the human body

A

The cellular level bridges the gap between molecular and tissue levels. Theo organization is essential for understanding how tissues organs and systems function and interact within the human body.

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12
Q

What’s the basic difference between anatomy and physiology?

A

Anatomy focuses on the structure and the relationships among the structures, while physiology focuses on how the body works

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13
Q

Example of how the structure of the body is related to its function:

A

The bones of the fingers are more loosely joined which enables them to perform a variety of movements such as grasping an object.

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14
Q

Define atom

A

The smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reactions. Consists of nucleus (containing positively charged protons and uncharged neutrons) and negatively charged electrons that orbit the nucleus.

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15
Q

Define molecule

A

A combination of of two or more atoms that share electrons

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16
Q

Define cell

A

The basic structural and functional unit of all organisms, the smallest structure capable of performing all activities vital to life.

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17
Q

Define tissue

A

A group of similar cells and their intercellular substance joined together to perform a specific function

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18
Q

Define organ

A

A structure composed of two or more different kinds of tissue with a specific function and usually a recognizable shape.

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19
Q

Define system

A

An association of organs that have a common function

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20
Q

Define organism

A

A total living form; one individual

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21
Q

Which body systems help eliminate waste

A

Urinary system
digestive system
Respiratory system
Integumentary system
Lymphatic system

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22
Q

Define metabolism

A

Is the sum of all the chemical processes that occur in the body. It includes the break down of large complex molecules into smaller simpler ones and building up of complex molecules from smaller simpler ones

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23
Q

Define responsiveness

A

Is the body’s ability to to detect and respond to changes in its environment. Nerve cells respond to changes in the incitement by generating electrical signals, known as nerve impulses. Muscle cells respond to nerve impulses by contracting to move body parts

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24
Q

Define responsiveness

A

Is the body’s ability to to detect and respond to changes in its environment. Nerve cells respond to changes in the incitement by generating electrical signals, known as nerve impulses. Muscle cells respond to nerve impulses by contracting to move body parts

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25
Q

Define movement

A

Included motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and tiny organelles inside cells.

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26
Q

Growth

A

Growth is an increase in body size, it may be due to an increase in the size of existing cells, the number of cells, or the amount of material surrounding the cells.

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27
Q

Differentiation

A

Is the process whereby unspecialized cells become become specialized cells. Specialized cells differ in structure and function from the unspecialized cells that gave rise to them. For example a single fertilized egg cell undergoes tremendous differentiation to develop into unique individual who is similar to, yet quite different from either of the parents

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28
Q

Define reproduction

A

Refers to either 1. the formation of new cells for growth repair or replacement or 2. the production of a new individual

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29
Q

What type of disease affects the entire body?

A

Systemic

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30
Q

Which organ system carries lipids from the gastrointestinal tract to blood

A

Lymphatic system

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31
Q

What is the correct order for a feedback system

A

Stimulus, receptor, control centre, effector, response

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32
Q

Anatomical term for skull

A

Cranial

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33
Q

Anatomical name for face

A

Facial

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34
Q

Anatomical name for head

A

Cephalic

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35
Q

Anatomical name for neck

A

Cervical

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36
Q

Anatomical name for arm

A

Brachial

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37
Q

Anatomical name for front of elbow

A

Antecubital

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38
Q

Anatomical name for wrist

A

Carpal

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39
Q

Anatomical name for palm

A

Palmar or volar

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40
Q

Anatomical name for fingers

A

Digital or phalangeal

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41
Q

Anatomical name for thigh

A

Femoral

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42
Q

Anatomical name for anterior surface of knee

A

Patellar

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43
Q

Anatomical name for leg

A

Crual

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44
Q

Anatomical name for foot

A

Pedal

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45
Q

Anatomical name for ankle

A

Tarsal

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46
Q

Anatomical name for toes

A

Digital or phalangeal

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47
Q

Anatomical name for forehead

A

Frontal

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48
Q

Anatomical name for temple

A

Temporal

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49
Q

Anatomical name for eye

A

Orbital or ocular

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50
Q

Anatomical name for ear

A

Otic

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51
Q

Anatomical name for cheek

A

Buccal

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52
Q

Anatomical name for nose

A

Nasal

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53
Q

Anatomical name for mouth

A

Oral

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54
Q

Anatomical name for chin

A

Mental

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55
Q

Anatomical name for breast bone

A

Sternal

56
Q

Anatomical name for chest

A

Thoracic

57
Q

Anatomical name for breast

A

Mammary

58
Q

Anatomical name for navel/ belly button

A

Umbilical

59
Q

Anatomical name for hip

A

Coxal

60
Q

Anatomical name for groin

A

Inguinal

61
Q

Anatomical name for hand

A

Manual

62
Q

Anatomical name for pelvis

A

Pelvic

63
Q

Anatomical name for thumb

A

Poilex

64
Q

Anatomical name for top of foot

A

Dorsum

65
Q

Anatomical name for top of foot

A

Dorsum

66
Q

Anatomical name for big toe

A

Hallux

67
Q

Anatomical name for base of skull

A

Occipital

68
Q

Anatomical name for shoulder blade

A

Scapular

69
Q

Anatomical name for spinal column

A

Vertebral

70
Q

Anatomical name for back

A

Dorsal

71
Q

Anatomical name for back of elbow

A

Olecranal or cubital

72
Q

Anatomical name for between hips

A

Sacral

73
Q

anatomical name for buttock

A

Gluteal

74
Q

Anatomical name for region of anus and external genitals

A

Perineal

75
Q

Anatomical name for region of anus and external genitals

A

Perineal

76
Q

Calf

A

Sural

77
Q

Sole

A

Plantar

78
Q

Loin or lower back

A

Lumbar

79
Q

Loin or lower back

A

Lumbar

80
Q

Heel

A

Calcaneal

81
Q

Back of hand

A

Dorsum

82
Q

What is the body positioning of the patient if they are laying face down

A

Prone

83
Q

What is the body positioning of the patient if they are laying face down

A

Prone

84
Q

What is the positioning of the body if the patient is face up

A

Supine

85
Q

What are the several major regions that can be identified externally

A

•head
•neck
•trunk
•upper limbs
•lower limbs

86
Q

What does superior mean

A

Toward the upper part of the body

87
Q

What does superior mean

A

Toward the upper part of the body

88
Q

What does inferior mean

A

Towards the lower part of the body

89
Q

Anterior

A

Near or at the front of the body

90
Q

Posterior

A

Near or at the back of the body

91
Q

Medial

A

Nearer to the middle of the vertical line separating the left and right side of the body

92
Q

Lateral

A

Further from the midline

93
Q

Ipsilateral

A

On the same side of the body as another structure. Ex the gallbladder and ascending colon are ipsilateral

94
Q

Contralateral

A

On the opposite side of the body form another structure

95
Q

Proximal

A

Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk; nearer to the point of origin or the beginning

96
Q

Distal

A

Fatter from the attachment of a limb to the trunk; fatter from the point of origin or the beginning

97
Q

Superficial

A

Toward or on the surface of the body

98
Q

Deep (Internal)

A

Away from the surface of the body

99
Q

Ventral

A

Relating to the underside of the body (abdominal)

100
Q

Dorsal

A

Relating relating to the upper or or back side of the body

101
Q

Peripheral

A

Away forms the middle

102
Q

Peripheral

A

Away forms the middle

103
Q

Central

A

At or near the middle

104
Q

4 major planes

A

Midsagittal plane
Frontal or coronal plane
Transverse plane
Oblique plane

105
Q

4 major planes

A

Midsagittal plane
Frontal or coronal plane
Transverse plane
Oblique plane

106
Q

Midsagittal plane

A

Divided into left and ride side

107
Q

Frontal or coronal plane

A

Divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions

108
Q

Transverse or cross sectional plane

A

Divides the body or an organ into superior (top) and inferior (bottom)

109
Q

Oblique plane

A

Passes through the body or organ at an angle between the other planes

110
Q

Appendicular

A

Upper and lower limbs

111
Q

Axial

A

Head neck and trunk

112
Q

Body cavities

A

Are spaces within the body that contain, protect, separate, and support internal organs

113
Q

What are organs within cavities called

A

Viscera

114
Q

Parietal

A

Means pertaining to the wall of cavity

115
Q

Visceral

A

Means pertaining to the organs within a cavity

116
Q

Cranial cavity

A

Formed by skull and contains the brain

117
Q

Cranial cavity

A

Formed by skull and contains the brain

118
Q

Vertebral canal

A

Formed by the vertebral column (back bone) and contains the spinal cord

119
Q

Cellular level

A

Cells are the basic structural and functional units of an organism. Cells are the smallest living units. Types of cells in the human body include muscle cells, nerve cells, and blood cells

120
Q

System level

A

System consist of related organs that contribute to a common function. Organs join together to form a system similar to the way paragraphs are put together to form chapters

121
Q

System level

A

System consist of related organs that contribute to a common function. Organs join together to form a system similar to the way paragraphs are put together to form chapters

122
Q

Organismal level

A

Is the largest level of organization. All of the systems of the body combine to make up an organism

123
Q

The integumentary system

A

Consists of skin,hair, nails, sweat glands, and oil glands.

Helps regulate body temperature, protects/ covers the body, eliminates some wastes, helps make vitamins D, stores fat for installation, detects sensations such as pressure

124
Q

Skeletal system

A

Consists of bones and joints of the body and their associated cartilages and ligament

Supports and protects the body, provides a specific area for muscle attachment, assists with body movement, stores cells that produce blood cells, and stores minerals and lipids

125
Q

Muscular system

A

Consists of skeletal muscle tissue

Participates in body movements wish as walking, maintains posture, and produces body heat

126
Q

Nervous system

A

Consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves,eyes, and ears

Regulates body activities through nerve impulses by detecting changes in the environment, interpreting the changes and responding to the changes by bringing about muscular contractions or glandular secretion

127
Q

Nervous system

A

Consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves,eyes, and ears

Regulates body activities through nerve impulses by detecting changes in the environment, interpreting the changes and responding to the changes by bringing about muscular contractions or glandular secretion

128
Q

endocrine system

A

Components: All glands and tissues that
produce chemical regulators of body
functions, called hormones

Functions: Regulates/coordinates body
activities through hormones transported by
the blood to various target organs

The endocrine system helps to integrate
metabolic functions.

129
Q

cardiovascular system

A

Components: Blood, heart, and blood
vessels

Functions: Heart pumps blood through
blood vessels; blood carries oxygen and
nutrients to cells and carbon dioxide and
wastes away from cells and helps regulate
acidity, temperature, and water content of
body fluids; blood components help defend
against disease and mend damaged blood
vessels

130
Q

lymphatic system and immunity

A

Components: Lymphatic fluid (lymph) and
lymphatic vessels; spleen, thymus, lymph nodes,
and tonsils; cells that carry out immune
responses (B cells, T cells, and others)
Functions: Returns proteins and fluid to blood;
carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood;

contains sites of maturation and proliferation of B cells and T cells that protect against disease causing microbes
Drains excess tissue fluid and includes cells of immunity. Provides transport with c/v system.

131
Q

respiratory system

A

Components: Lungs and air passageways
such as the pharynx (throat), larynx (voice
box), trachea (windpipe), and bronchial
tubes within the lungs

Functions: Transfers oxygen from inhaled
air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood
to exhaled air; helps regulate acidity of
body fluids; air flowing out of lungs through
vocal cords produces sounds
Gas exchange

132
Q

digestive system

A

Components: Organs of gastrointestinal
tract, including the mouth, pharynx
(throat), esophagus, stomach, small and
large intestines, rectum, and anus; also
includes accessory digestive organs that
assist in digestive processes, such as the
salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and
pancreas

Functions: Physical and chemical
breakdown of food; absorbs nutrients;
eliminates solid wastes

132
Q

urinary system

A

Components: Kidneys, ureters, urinary
bladder, and urethra
Functions: Produces, stores, and eliminates
urine; eliminates wastes and regulates
volume and chemical composition of blood;
helps regulate acid–base balance of body
fluids; maintains body’s mineral balance;
helps regulate red blood cell production

132
Q

reproductive system

A

Components: Gonads (testes in males and
ovaries in females) and associated organs:
uterine (fallopian) tubes, uterus, and vagina in
females, and epididymis, ductus (vas)
deferens, and penis in males; also, mammary
glands in females; external genitalia
Functions: Gonads produce gametes (sperm or
oocytes) that unite to form a new organism
and release hormones that regulate
reproduction and other body processes;
associated organs transport and store
gametes; mammary glands produce milk

133
Q
A
134
Q

What is the system visited with skin

A

Integumentary system

Biology 152- Anatomy And Physiology (5 decks)

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