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Biology 152- Anatomy And Physiology > Quiz #6- chapters 9 and 10 > Flashcards

Quiz #6- chapters 9 and 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

The functions of the cardiovascular system

A

Transportation 🚚

Regulation 🌡️

Protection 🛡️

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2
Q

Transportation 🚚

A

Transportation 🚚
* Carries oxygen everywhere in your body
* Moves nutrients to cells
* Transports hormones
* Carries away waste products
* Helps move heat around

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3
Q

Regulation 🌡️

A

Regulation 🌡️
* Helps balance body temperature
* Maintains pH levels
* Controls water content in cells

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4
Q

Protection 🛡️

A

Protection 🛡️
* Blood clotting to stop bleeding
* White blood cells fight infections
* Antibodies defend against diseases

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5
Q

arteries

A

Arteries 🔴
* Carry blood AWAY from the heart
* Thick, strong walls
* High-pressure blood transport
* Elastic and can contract
* Usually deeper in the body

Arteries = Highways (fast, high-pressure)

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6
Q

veins

A

Veins 💙
* Carry blood BACK to the heart
* Thinner walls
* Lower pressure
* Have valves to prevent backflow
* Can be superficial (near skin) or deep
* Act as blood reservoirs

Veins = Return roads (slower, with traffic stops)

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7
Q

capillaries

A

Capillaries 🔬
* Tiny microscopic vessels
* Connect arterioles to venules
* Super thin walls (just one cell thick!)
* Where actual EXCHANGE happens
* Nutrients/oxygen move in and out
* Waste products move in and out

Capillaries = Local streets where all the action happens! 🚗

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8
Q

The layers of the heart and the purpose of each layer

A

Epicardium (Outer Layer) 🌟

Myocardium (Middle Layer) 💪

Endocardium (Inner Layer) 🕊️

Think of it like a heart sandwich:
* Outer protective layer
* Thick muscle middle
* Smooth inner lining

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9
Q

Epicardium (Outer Layer) 🌟

A

Epicardium (Outer Layer) 🌟
* Thin, transparent outer layer
* Contains blood and lymph capillaries
* Protects the heart’s surface
* Part of the heart’s “protective jacket”

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10
Q

Myocardium (Middle Layer) 💪

A

Myocardium (Middle Layer) 💪
* Thick muscle tissue
* Main pumping layer
* Does ALL the heart’s contraction work
* Responsible for pushing blood through the heart
* Arranged in special interlacing bundles

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11
Q

Endocardium (Inner Layer) 🕊️

A

Endocardium (Inner Layer) 🕊️
* Super smooth inner layer
* Prevents blood clot formation
* Lines heart chambers and valves
* Helps blood flow smoothly
* Made of simple squamous epithelium

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12
Q

The pathway of blood flow through the heart

A
  1. Deoxygenated blood from the body enters the right atrium through the superior and inferior vena cavae.
  2. The blood then flows from the right atrium into the right ventricle.
  3. The right ventricle pumps the deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary trunk, which carries it to the lungs.
  4. In the lungs, the blood picks up oxygen and drops off carbon dioxide.
  5. The now oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium of the heart through the pulmonary veins.
  6. From the left atrium, the blood flows into the left ventricle.
  7. The powerful left ventricle pumps the oxygenated blood out through the aortic valve and into the aorta, which distributes it to the rest of the body.
  8. The cycle then repeats, with the deoxygenated blood returning to the right atrium to start the journey through the heart again! 🔁
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13
Q

The 3 main arteries that branch off the aorta

A
  • Brachiocephalic Trunk 💪
  • Left Common Carotid Artery 🧠
  • Left Subclavian Artery 💪

“Big Cats Love Sleeping”

B = Brachiocephalic

C = Common Carotid

L = Left Subclavian

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14
Q

Brachiocephalic Trunk 💪 (3 main arteries)

A

First and largest branch

Splits into:

Right subclavian artery (supplies right arm)

Right common carotid artery (supplies right side of head/neck)

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15
Q

Left Common Carotid Artery 🧠 (3 main arteries)

A

Supplies left side of head and neck

Provides blood to brain structures

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16
Q

Left Subclavian Artery 💪 (3 main arteries)

A

Supplies left upper limb

Provides blood to left arm and shoulder

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17
Q

The definition and formula for determining cardiac output.

A

Definition:
Cardiac Output (CO) = The total volume of blood pumped by the left ventricle per minute 🩸

Formula:
Cardiac Output = Stroke Volume × Heart Rate

Example Breakdown:
- Stroke Volume: Amount of blood ejected per heartbeat (average 70 mL)
- Heart Rate: Number of heartbeats per minute (average 75 beats/min)

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18
Q

The components of the conduction system of the heart.

A

Sinoatrial (SA) Node 🏁

Atrioventricular (AV) Node 🛑

AV Bundle (Bundle of His) 🔌

Bundle Branches 🌿

Purkinje Fibers 🌊

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19
Q

Sinoatrial (SA) Node 🏁

A
  • Natural pacemaker
  • Generates initial electrical impulse
  • Sets heart’s rhythm
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20
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) Node 🛑

A
  • Receives signal from SA node
  • Slows electrical impulse
  • Allows atria to contract before ventricles
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21
Q

AV Bundle (Bundle of His) 🔌

A
  • Only pathway for electrical signal between atria and ventricles
  • Conducts impulse to ventricles
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22
Q

Bundle Branches 🌿

A
  • Splits signal to right and left ventricles
  • Ensures coordinated ventricular contraction
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23
Q

Purkinje Fibers 🌊

A
  • Rapidly spread electrical impulse
  • Conduct signal to ventricle apex
  • Trigger final muscle contraction
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24
Q

Red Blood Cells (RBCs) 🔴

A

Carry oxygen throughout the body

Contain hemoglobin

Transport oxygen from lungs to tissues

Live about 120 days

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25
Q

different types of White Blood Cells (WBCs) 🛡️

A

Neutrophils 💥

Eosinophils 🦠

Basophils 🚨

Monocytes 🧹

Lymphocytes 🛡️

Quick Memorization Tip: “Never Eat Bad Monkey Lunch”

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26
Q

Neutrophils 💥

A
  • First responders to bacterial invasion
  • Eat/destroy bacteria through phagocytosis
  • Most abundant WBC type
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27
Q

Eosinophils 🦠

A
  • Combat inflammation
  • Fight parasitic worms
  • Involved in allergic reactions
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28
Q

Basophils 🚨

A
  • Trigger inflammatory responses
  • Release histamine
  • Involved in allergic reactions
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29
Q

Monocytes 🧹

A

-Transform into macrophages
- Clean up damaged tissue
- Eat large foreign particles

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30
Q

Lymphocytes 🛡️

A

B cells: Produce antibodies

T cells: Attack viruses and cancer cells

Natural killer cells: Target infectious microbes

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31
Q

Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells) life span and retirement process

A

Lifespan: Approximately 120 days

Retirement Process:

  • Aged RBCs are removed by macrophages
    -Located in liver, spleen, and bone marrow
    -Hemoglobin is recycled
  • Iron is stored or reused for new RBC production
  • Breakdown products are processed into bile
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32
Q

Leukocytes (White Blood Cells) Life span

A

Lifespan Varies:

Neutrophils: 5-7 hours in bloodstream

Eosinophils: 8-12 days

Basophils: Short-lived (hours to days)

Monocytes: 1-3 days

Lymphocytes:

Short-lived cells: Hours to days

Memory cells: Years to lifetime

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33
Q

Retirement Process for WBCs 🏁

A

Die after fighting infections

Phagocytosed by other immune cells

Replaced continuously by bone marrow

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34
Q

Blood Clotting (Hemostasis) mechanisms ! 🩸🚑

A

3 Main Mechanisms:

Vascular Spasm 🚧
Platelet Plug Formation 🧱
Blood Coagulation (Chemical Clotting) 🧪

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35
Q

Albumin 📊

A

(The Volume Manager) 🏄‍♀️

Makes up 54% of plasma proteins

Job: Keeps blood volume just right

Helps pull water back into blood vessels

Maintains blood pressure like a tiny water manager

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36
Q

Globulins 🌐

A

(The Delivery and Defense Team) 🚚🛡️

Two main types:

Alpha/Beta Globulins: Carry lipids and vitamins around the body

Gamma Globulins: Antibodies that fight off bad guys (germs)!

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37
Q

Clotting Factors

A

Clotting Factors (The Bandage Makers) 🩹

Includes:

Prothrombin

Fibrinogen

Job: Help stop bleeding by creating blood clots

Like tiny construction workers who quickly patch up cuts

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38
Q

Thrombosis

A

Definition: Abnormal blood clot forming INSIDE a blood vessel

Where it can happen:
- Veins (more common)
- Arteries
- Deep in legs
- Lungs
- Brain

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39
Q

Potential Consequences of blood clots

A

Potential Consequences 💥

If clot stays in place:
- Blocks blood flow
- Reduces oxygen to tissues
- Can cause tissue damage

If clot breaks loose (Embolus):
- Travels through bloodstream
- Can get stuck in:
- Lungs (Pulmonary embolism)
- Brain (Stroke)
- Heart (Heart attack)

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40
Q

Risk Factors of blood clots 🚨

A

Prolonged immobility

Surgery

Some medical conditions

Genetic predispositions

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41
Q

Warning Signs 🚨

A

Swelling

Redness

Pain in affected area

Sudden breathing difficulties

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42
Q

Blood Type Determination 🔬

A
  • Based on antigens on red blood cell surface
  • Inherited from parents
  • Four main types:

Type A: A antigens

Type B: B antigens

Type AB: Both A and B antigens

Type O: No A or B antigens

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43
Q

Plasma Antibody Situation 🛡️

A

Type A: Has anti-B antibodies

Type B: Has anti-A antibodies

Type AB: No antibodies

Type O: Has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies

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44
Q

Leg Route (From Heart → Toes)

A

Aorta
Common Iliac Arteries
External Iliac Artery
Femoral Artery
Popliteal Artery
Anterior/Posterior Tibial Arteries
Dorsal/Plantar Arteries
Toe Arteries

“A Cold Evening Feels Pretty Awful Down There”

Pro Tip: Always remember blood flows from LARGER to SMALLER vessels!

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44
Q

Arterial Blood Flow: Arms
Arm Route (From Heart → Fingers)

A

Aorta
Brachiocephalic Trunk
Subclavian Artery
Axillary Artery
Brachial Artery
Radial Artery
Deep Palmar Arch
Finger Arteries

“A Big Strong Arm Brings Really Deep Feelings”

Pro Tip: Always remember blood flows from LARGER to SMALLER vessels!

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45
Q

The correct order of venous blood Return: Arms (Fingers → Heart)

A

Dorsal Venous Networks (hand)
Median Antebrachial Veins
Cephalic Vein
Basilic Vein
Brachial Veins
Axillary Vein
Subclavian Vein
Brachiocephalic Vein
Superior Vena Cava
Right Atrium

“Dirty Minds Can Be Bad After Some Booze Shots, Right?”

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46
Q

Blood Vessel Roadmap
To the Head 🧠

A

Carotid Arteries
Right Common Carotid
Left Common Carotid

Branches into:
External Carotid
Internal Carotid

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47
Q

Blood Vessel Roadmap To the Heart ❤️

A

Coronary Arteries
- Right Coronary Artery
- Left Coronary Artery

First branches of ascending aorta

48
Q

Blood Vessel Roadmap To Thoracic Cavity 🫁

A

Thoracic Aorta Branches:

Bronchial Arteries

Esophageal Arteries

Posterior Intercostal Arteries

Superior Phrenic Arteries

49
Q

Blood Vessel Roadmap To Abdominal Cavity 🍽️

A

Abdominal Aorta Branches:

Celiac Trunk

Superior Mesenteric Artery

Renal Arteries

Gonadal Arteries

Inferior Phrenic Arteries

“Crazy Sexy Rebels Get Intense”

50
Q

The blood vessels that return blood from the head

A

Veins:
Internal Jugular Vein
External Jugular Vein
Vertebral Veins

Destination: Brachiocephalic Veins → Superior Vena Cava

51
Q

The blood vessels that return blood from the heart

A

Coronary Sinus:
Main vein of the heart
Collects almost all venous blood from heart muscle

Destination: Right Atrium

52
Q

The blood vessels that return blood from the Thoracic Cavity

A

Azygos Vein System:
Drains chest wall and thoracic structures

Tributaries:
Intercostal veins
Bronchial veins

Destination: Superior Vena Cava

53
Q

The blood vessels that return blood from the Abdominal Cavity

A

Major Veins:
Hepatic Veins
Renal Veins
Gonadal Veins
Superior/Inferior Mesenteric Veins

Destination: Inferior Vena Cava

54
Q

The blood vessels that go to heart

A

Coronary Arteries:

Right Coronary Artery

Left Coronary Artery

55
Q

The blood vessels that go to liver

A

Hepatic Artery (from Celiac Trunk)

Hepatic Portal Vein

56
Q

The blood vessels that go to lungs

A

Pulmonary Arteries

Bronchial Arteries

57
Q

The blood vessels that go to stomach

A

Gastric Arteries (from Celiac Trunk)

58
Q

The blood vessels that go to spleen

A

Splenic Artery (from Celiac Trunk)

59
Q

The blood vessels that go to kidney

A

Renal Arteries (from Abdominal Aorta)

60
Q

The blood vessels that go to brain

A

Internal Carotid Arteries

Vertebral Arteries

Circle of Willis

61
Q

The blood vessels that go to Gonads

A

Testicular Arteries (males)

Ovarian Arteries (females)

62
Q

The blood vessels that go to urinary tract

A

Renal Arteries

63
Q

The blood vessels that go to Arms

A

Subclavian Artery

Axillary Artery

Brachial Artery

Radial/Ulnar Arteries

64
Q

The blood vessels that go to legs

A

Common Iliac Artery

Femoral Artery

Popliteal Artery

Tibial Arteries

65
Q

The blood vessels that go to Digestive Organs

A

Celiac Trunk Branches:
- Hepatic Artery
- Splenic Artery
- Left Gastric Artery

Mesenteric Arteries:
- Superior Mesenteric Artery
- Inferior Mesenteric Artery

66
Q

The blood vessels that go to skin

A

Cutaneous Branches from:
Intercostal Arteries
Regional Arteries

67
Q

The function(s) of the lymphatic system.

A
  • Fluid Management 💧
  • Dietary Fat Transport 🍔
  • Immune Defense 🛡️
    Bonus: Pathogen Protection
68
Q

Fluid Management 💧

A

Drains excess interstitial fluid

Prevents tissue swelling

Collects fluid that leaks from blood capillaries

Returns fluid back to bloodstream

69
Q

Dietary Fat Transport 🍔

A

Special lymph vessels called lacteals in small intestine

Absorb dietary fats

Carry fats through lymph vessels

Deposit fats into blood circulation

70
Q

Immune Defense 🛡️

A

Carries out immune responses

Fights off pathogens

Contains:
Lymphocytes (T cells & B cells)
Lymphatic tissue
Lymph nodes
Red bone marrow

71
Q

Bonus: Pathogen Protection

A

Filters lymph

Destroys bacteria

Removes cellular debris

Produces immune cells

72
Q

Lymphatic Capillaries 🔬

A

Location: Tiny vessels in tissue spaces

Role:
First collection point for excess fluid
Begin lymph formation
Merge to form larger vessels

73
Q

Lymphatic Vessels 🚰

A

Role:
Transport lymph
Carry fluid from capillaries
Have internal valves to prevent backflow

74
Q

Lymphatic Trunks 🌳

A

Types:
Lumbar trunks
Intestinal trunk
Bronchomediastinal trunk
Subclavian trunk
Jugular trunk

Role: Collect lymph from specific body regions

75
Q

Collecting Ducts 🏞️

A

Two Main Ducts:

Thoracic Duct:
Larger
Collects lymph from most of body
Empties into left subclavian vein

Right Lymphatic Duct:
Smaller
Drains lymph from right side of upper body
Empties into right subclavian vein

76
Q

Movement Mechanisms

A

Propelled by:
Skeletal muscle contractions
Breathing movements
Smooth muscle contractions in vessel walls

77
Q

Primary Lymphatic Organs

A
  • Red Bone Marrow 🦴
  • Thymus 🧬
78
Q

Red Bone Marrow 🦴

A

Structure:
Soft tissue inside bones
Produces stem cells

Function:
Generates all blood cells
Creates immature lymphocytes
Develops B cells

79
Q

Thymus 🧬

A

Structure:
Two-lobed organ
Located behind sternum
Shrinks with age

Function:
Develops T lymphocytes
Produces thymosin hormone
Matures immune cells

80
Q

🛡️ Secondary Lymphatic Organs

A

-Lymph Nodes 🔍
- spleen
-tonsils
- Lymphatic Nodules 🦠

81
Q

Lymph Nodes 🔍

A

Structure:
Bean-shaped
Clustered along lymphatic vessels

Function:
Filter lymph
Trap pathogens
Produce lymphocytes
Destroy bacteria

82
Q

Spleen 🩸

A

Structure:
Largest lymphatic organ
Located in upper left abdomen

Function:
Filters blood
Removes damaged blood cells
Stores platelets
Produces lymphocytes

83
Q

Tonsils 🗣️

A

Types:
Palatine
Pharyngeal (adenoids)
Lingual

Function:
First line of immune defense
Trap and destroy pathogens
Prevent throat/respiratory infections

84
Q

Lymphatic Nodules 🦠

A

Location:
Mucous membranes
Digestive/urinary/reproductive tracts

Function:
Immune surveillance
Localized pathogen defense

85
Q

Lymphatic Fluid Return Mechanism

A
  1. Fluid Formation 💧
  2. Lymphatic Capillary Entry 🕳️
  3. Movement Propulsion 🌪️
    Multiple Pumping Mechanisms:
  4. Final Destination 🏁
86
Q

Fluid Formation 💧

A

Blood capillaries leak fluid into tissues

Creates interstitial fluid

Fluid pressure builds up

87
Q

Lymphatic Capillary Entry 🕳️

A

Tiny, closed-ended vessels in tissue spaces

Thin, permeable walls

Collect excess fluid

Transform interstitial fluid into lymph

88
Q

Movement Propulsion 🌪️

A

Multiple Pumping Mechanisms:

Respiratory Pump:

Skeletal Muscle Pump:

Vessel Wall Contractions:

89
Q
  1. Final Destination 🏁
A

Lymph travels through:
Lymphatic vessels
Lymphatic trunks
Collecting ducts

Empties into:
Left subclavian vein
Right subclavian vein

90
Q

White Blood Cell Creation

A

Origin: Red Bone Marrow

Process: Hematopoiesis

Initial Types:

70-80% become T lymphocytes

Remaining become B lymphocytes

The red bone marrow is where stem cells divide and develop into different types of blood cells, including white blood cells.

91
Q

Antigen

A

presenting cells (APCs) like macrophages and dendritic cells - they find foreign invaders and show them to other immune cells.

92
Q

B cells

A

these make antibodies to attack specific germs. Some B cells become memory B cells that remember past infections.

93
Q

purpose of white blood cells

A

the white blood cells work together to recognize threats, coordinate the immune response, and destroy anything that doesn’t belong in your body!

94
Q

Helper T cells

A

Helper T cells - they help activate and coordinate the immune response.

95
Q

Cytotoxic T cells

A

they directly attack and kill infected or cancerous cells.

96
Q

Memory T cells

A

they remember past infections so the immune system can respond faster next time.

97
Q

types of T cells

A

helper
cytotoxic
memory

98
Q

Plasma cells

A

these are activated B cells that pump out lots of antibodies.

99
Q

Natural killer cells (NKCs)

A

they can directly destroy infected or cancerous cells.

100
Q

The differences between cell-mediated and anti-body mediated immunity.

A

Cell-mediated uses T cells to directly attack threats

Antibody-mediated uses B cells to produce antibodies that tag threats for destruction

101
Q

The types of adaptive immunity.

A
  • Naturally acquired active immunity
  • Naturally acquired passive immunity
  • Artificially acquired active immunity
  • Artificially acquired passive immunity
102
Q

Naturally acquired active immunity

A

This happens when you get exposed to a pathogen and your body mounts an immune response, creating memory cells (p.78)

For example, getting the flu and then being immune to that strain in the future

103
Q

Naturally acquired passive immunity

A

This is when antibodies are passed from mother to child, either through the placenta or breastmilk

This provides short-term protection for the baby

104
Q

Artificially acquired active immunity

A

This is when you get a vaccine, which exposes your body to a weakened or inactivated pathogen

Your body then builds immunity without getting the full-blown illness

105
Q

Artificially acquired passive immunity

A

This is when you get an injection of antibodies, like gamma globulin (p.79)

This provides short-term protection but doesn’t create long-lasting immunity

106
Q

Vascular Spasm 🚧

A

Vascular Spasm 🚧
- Blood vessel constricts
-Reduces blood flow to injury site
- Smooth muscle contracts

107
Q

Platelet Plug Formation 🧱

A
  • Platelets stick to damaged vessel wall
  • Create mechanical barrier
  • Prevent immediate blood loss
108
Q

Blood Coagulation (Chemical Clotting) 🧪

A

Step-by-Step Process:
a. Tissue damage releases thromboplastin
b. Prothrombin activator forms
c. Prothrombin converts to thrombin
d. Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin
e. Fibrin creates net-like structure
f. Blood cells get trapped in fibrin net
g. Solid clot forms

109
Q

Fibrinolysis

A

Dissolves small clots inside a blood vessel

110
Q

What causes the heart sounds

A

Turbulence from the closure
of the valves

111
Q

Vascular resistance is increased by?

A

Increasing the bloods viscosity

112
Q

Pulse is caused by

A

Expansion and recoil of an artery

113
Q

Systolic blood pressure

A

Represents the force of blood pushing against arterial cells walls during ventricular relaxation

114
Q

Diastolic blood pressure

A

Represents the force of blood against arterial walls during ventricular relaxation

115
Q

Respiratory Pump:

A

Breathing movements
Pressure changes in chest
Helps push lymph upward

116
Q

Skeletal Muscle Pump:

A

Muscle contractions
Squeeze lymphatic vessels
Force fluid movement

117
Q

Vessel Wall Contractions:

A

Smooth muscle in lymphatic vessels
Rhythmic contractions
Assist fluid movement

Biology 152- Anatomy And Physiology (10 decks)

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