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Biology 152- Anatomy And Physiology > Quiz #2- Chapters 5 and 6 > Flashcards

Quiz #2- Chapters 5 and 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

Bone

A

Bone is an organ comprised of different tissues including bone (osseous) tissue, dense connective tissue, epithelium, adipose tissue, and nervous tissue.

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2
Q

Support and function of bones

A

Provides structural framework for the body, giving shape to head, thorax and limbs

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3
Q

Protection function of bones

A

Safeguards internal organs like heart,lungs, brain, ears, and eyes from injury

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4
Q

Mineral homeostasis function of bones

A

Stores minerals, especially calcium and phosphorus, important for metabolic process

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5
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

The production of blood cells in red bone marrow

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6
Q

Yellow bone marrow function

A

Stores triglycerides

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7
Q

Long bones

A

Have greater length than width, consists of a shaft and variable number of ends. Ex. Femur, tibia

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8
Q

Short bones

A

Cube-shaped, nearly equal in length and width. Ex wrist and ankle bones

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9
Q

Flat bones

A

Thin, provide protection and extensive surfaces for muscle attachment. Ex cranial bones, sternum

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10
Q

Irregular bones

A

Have complex shapes, cannot be grouped into other categories ex. Vertebrae, facial bones

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11
Q

Diaphysis

A

The shaft or body of a long bone, made of compact bone

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12
Q

Epiphyses

A

The distal and proximal end of a long bone that forms bound with adjacent bones

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13
Q

Metaphysis

A

The region where the diaphysis joins the epiphysis in a long bone

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14
Q

Articular cartilage

A

The thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering joint surfaces of bones

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15
Q

Periosteum

A

Tough sheath of connective tissue and blood vessels surrounding bone outside articular cartilage

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16
Q

Medullary cavity

A

Hollow spaces within the diaphysis containing yellow bone marrow

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17
Q

Endosteum

A

Thin membrane lining the medullary cavity

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18
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells

A

Stem cells that develop into osteoblasts

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19
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Cells that synthesize and secrete the extracellular matrix that calcifies into bone

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20
Q

Osteocytes

A

Most numerous cells in bone tissue, maintain bone tissue

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21
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Cells that break down extracellular matrix to release nutrients and help bones grow and heal

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22
Q

Ossification

A

The process of bone formation

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23
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

Bone formation directly within connective tissue arranged in sheet like layers

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24
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

Bone formation within hyaline cartilage that develops from mesenchyme

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25
Q

Bone remodelling

A

Continuous process of replacing old bone tissue with new tissue

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26
Q

Minerals important for bone health

A

Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, fluoride, manganese

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27
Q

Vitamins essential for bone health

A

A,C,D,K and B12

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28
Q

Hormones regulating bone growth and remodeling

A

HGH,IGFs,thyroid hormones, insulin, sex hormones, PTH, and calcitonin

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29
Q

Effect if exercise on bones

A

Stimulates osteoblasts and helps build stronger bones

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30
Q

Impact of aging on bone health

A

Decreased bone mass and increased risk of osteoporosis due to hormonal changes

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31
Q

Axial skeleton

A

80 bones around the longitudinal axis of the body (skull, auditory ossicles,hyoid, ribs,sternum, vertebral column)

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32
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

126 bones of the upper and lower limbs plus girdles connecting limbs to axial skeleton

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33
Q

Number of bones in the skull

A

22 (8 cranial, 13 facial, and the mandible)

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34
Q

Frontal bone feature

A

Supraorbital foramina and frontal sinuses

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35
Q

Occipital bone features

A

Lambdoidal suture, foramen magnum, and occipital condyles

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36
Q

Temporal bone features

A

External auditory meatus, mandibular fossae, mastoid process, styloid process, zygomatic process

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37
Q

Hyoid bone

A

Located in the neck, supports the tongue, does not articulate with any other bone

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38
Q

Sphenoid bone function

A

Connects the nuerocranium to the facial skeleton

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39
Q

Ethmoid bone features

A

Cruciform plates, perpendicular plate, superior and middle nasal conchae, ethmoidal sinuses, Crista galli

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40
Q

Paranasal sinuses function

A

Provide resonance of voice and reduce the weight of the skull

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41
Q

Fontanels

A

Soft spots on an infants skull where bones have not yet fused, this spot gradually closed over the first 12-24 months of life

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42
Q

Vertebral column

A

Flexible column of 26 bones supporting the body and protecting the spinal cord

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43
Q

Number of cervical vertebrae

A

7

44
Q

Atlas

A

First cervical vertebrae supporting the head

45
Q

Axis

A

Second cervical vertebrae with a toothlike dens that pivots within the atlas

46
Q

Number of thoracic vertebrae

A

12

47
Q

Number of lumbar vertebrae

A

5

48
Q

Sacrum

A

Triangular structure at the base of the spine made up of 5 fused vertebrae

49
Q

Coccyx

A

Lowermost portion of the spine composed of 4 fused vertebrae

50
Q

Components of the thoracic cage

A

Ribs, thoracic vertebrae, sternum, and costal cartilages

51
Q

True ribs

A

First 7 Paris or ribs that joint the sternum directly

52
Q

False ribs

A

Last 5 pairs of ribs that do not connect directly to the sternum

53
Q

Intercostal spaces

A

Areas between ribs occupies by muscles, blood vessels, and nerves

54
Q

Parts of the sternum

A

Manubrium, body, and diploid process

55
Q

Components of the pectoral girdle

A

Two scapulae and two clavicles

56
Q

Number of bones in each upper limb

A

30

57
Q

Humerus

A

Upper arm bone extending from the scapula to the elbow

58
Q

Radius

A

Forearm bone on the thumb side, extending from elbow to wrist

59
Q

Ulna

A

Longer if the two forearm bones with a trochlear notch

60
Q

Number of carpal bones

A

8

61
Q

Number of metacarpal bones

A

5

62
Q

Number of phalanges in each finger

A

3

63
Q

Number of phalanges in the thumb

A

2

64
Q

Components of the pelvic girdle

A

Two coxal bones and the sacrum

65
Q

Parts of the coxal bone

A

Ilium, ishcium, and pubis

66
Q

Obturator foramen

A

Large opening within pubis

67
Q

Number of bones in each Lower limb

A

30

68
Q

Femur

A

Longest bone in the body, located in the thigh

69
Q

Tibia

A

Shin bone that supports body weight and articulates with femur and tarsal bones

70
Q

Fibula

A

Slender bone lateral to the tibia, not bearing body weight

71
Q

Number of tarsal bones

A

7

72
Q

Number of metatarsal bones

A

5

73
Q

Number of phalanges in each toe

A

3

74
Q

Number of phalanges in big toe

A

2

75
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Age related condition characterized by decreased bone mass and strength

76
Q

Function of the vertebral column

A

Supports the body and protect the spinal cord

77
Q

Function of the thoracic cage

A

Supports pectoral girdle, aids in breathing, protects thoracic and upper abdominal organs

78
Q

Function of the pelvic girdle

A

Supports trunk on Lower limbs, protects lower abdominal and pelvic organs

79
Q

Anatomical difference between male and female skeletons

A

Female pelvis structure allow for passage of baby

80
Q

What happens in the integumentary system as you age?

A

With age, the skin experiences decreased collagen, elastin, fibroblasts, gland function, and melanocyte activity, leading to wrinkles, dryness, and impaired temperature regulation and wound healing

81
Q

What does keratin do

A

A tough protein that helps protect the skin from damage

82
Q

Integumentary system

A

Composed of skin and accessory organs: hair, glands, nails and sensory receptors

83
Q

Main functions of skin

A

Temperature regulation, protection, sensation, vitamin D synthesis, excretion, and absorption

84
Q

Two main parts of skin

A

Epidermis (outer and thinner) and dermis (deeper and thicker)

85
Q

4 principal cell types in epidermis

A

Keratinocytes, melanocytes, langerhans cells, and tactile epithelial cells

86
Q

4 layers of epidermis

A

Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granolosum, and stratum corneum

87
Q

Factors determining skin colour

A

Melatonin, hemoglobin, and carotene

88
Q

Two layers of dermis

A

Superficial papillary layer and deeper reticular layer

89
Q

Subcutaneous layer function

A

Binds skin to underlying tissues and contains blood vessels supplying the skin

90
Q

Accessory structure of skin

A

Hair, glands, and nails

91
Q

Hair composition

A

Keratinized cells

92
Q

Sebaceous glands

A

These glands are associated with hair follicles and secrete an oily substance called sebum that helps keep the hair and skin moisturized.

93
Q

Ceremonious glands

A

modifies sweat glands that Secrete ear wax

94
Q

Sweat gland types

A

Eccrine and apocrine

95
Q

Nail matrix function

A

Produces new nail cells

96
Q

Vitamin D synthesis location

A

Skin

97
Q

Two types of skin wound healing

A

Epidermal (superficial) and deep wound healing

98
Q

Scar tissue formation

A

produced by fibroblasts in deeper wounds

99
Q

Age related skin changes

A

Decreased collagen, elastin, fibroblasts, gland function, and melanocyte activity

100
Q

Three types of skin cancer

A

Basal cell carcinoma, melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma

101
Q

Primary cause of skin cancer

A

Uv radiation exposure

102
Q

Burn classification

A

First-,second-,third- degree based on depth of tissue damage

103
Q

Pressure ulcers cause

A

Lack of blood flow to skin tissues subjected to constant pressure

104
Q

types of glands in the integumentary system

A

Sebaceous glands, Ceruminous glands, Sudoriferous (sweat) glands, and Mammary glands.

105
Q

Sudoriferous (sweat) glands

A
106
Q

Mammary glands

A

Biology 152- Anatomy And Physiology (5 decks)

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