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Biology 152- Anatomy And Physiology > Quiz #3- Chapter 7 and 8 > Flashcards

Quiz #3- Chapter 7 and 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

Synchondrosis

A

Immovable cartilaginous joint (e.g., epiphyseal plate)

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2
Q

Joints

A

points of contract between bones, cartilage, and teeth

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3
Q

Arthrology

A

scientific study of joints

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4
Q

Kinesiology

A

study of human body motion

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5
Q

Fibrous Joints

A

no synovial cavity, bones held together by dense irregular tissue

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6
Q

Cartilaginous Joints

A

no synovial cavity, bones held together by cartilage

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7
Q

Synovial joints

A

have a synovial cavity, united by an articular capsule and often ligaments

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8
Q

Synarthrosis

A

immovable joints

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9
Q

Amphiarthrosis

A

slightly movable joint

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10
Q

Diarthrosis

A

freely moveable joint

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11
Q

Syndesmosis

A

Fibrous joint with limited movement (e.g., distal tibia and fibula)

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12
Q

Suture

A

Fibrous joint between skull bones, may be slightly movable or immovable

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13
Q

Interosseous membranes

A

Fibrous joint with slight movement between radius/ulna and tibia/fibula

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14
Q

Symphysis

A

Slightly movable cartilaginous joint (e.g., pubic symphysis, intervertebral joints)

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15
Q

Epiphyseal cartilages

A

Growth centers during bone formation, become synostosis when replaced by bone

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16
Q

Synovial membrane

A

Secretes synovial fluid to lubricate and nourish joint cartilage

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17
Q

Gliding

A

Simple back-and-forth, side-to-side movement at synovial joints

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18
Q

Flexion

A

Angular movement that decreases the angle between bones ex (bending your elbow to bring your hand closer)

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19
Q

extension

A

Angular movement that increases the angle between bones

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20
Q

abduction

A

Angular movement that moves a body part away from the midline

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21
Q

Adduction

A

Angular movement that moves a body part toward the midline

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22
Q

circumduction

A

Circular movement combining flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction

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23
Q

Rotation

A

Movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis

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24
Q

depression

A

Downward movement of a body part

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24
Q

Elevation

A

Upward movement of a body part

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25
Q

protraction

A

Forward movement of a body part

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26
Q

retraction

A

Backward movement of a body part

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27
Q

inversion

A

Turning the sole of the foot inward

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28
Q

eversion

A

Turning the sole of the foot outward

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29
Q

dorsiflexion

A

Upward movement of the foot or toes

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30
Q

supination

A

Turning the palm upward or forward

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31
Q

Plantar Flexion

A

Downward movement of the foot or toes

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32
Q

pronation

A

Turning the palm downward or backward

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33
Q

opposition

A

Movement of the thumb across the palm to touch fingertips

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34
Q

plane joint

A

Synovial joint with nearly flat surfaces, permits gliding and some rotation (Carpals, tarsals, vertebrae)

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35
Q

hinge joint

A

Synovial joint permitting angular motion around one axis (e.g., elbow, knee)

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36
Q

pivot joint

A

Synovial joint where a round surface rotates within a ring (e.g., atlanto-axial)

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37
Q

Condyloid joint

A

Synovial joint permitting angular motion around two axes (e.g., wrist)

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38
Q

saddle joint

A

Synovial joint with saddle-shaped surfaces, permits motion around two axes (carpometacarpal joint of the thumb.)

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39
Q

Ball-and-socket Joint

A

Synovial joint permitting motion around three axes (e.g., shoulder, hip)

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40
Q

arthroplasty

A

Surgical replacement of a damaged joint with an artificial one

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41
Q

effects of aging on joints

A

Decreased synovial fluid, thinning cartilage, shortened ligaments

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42
Q

myology

A

The scientific study of muscles

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43
Q

types of muscular tissue

A

Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle

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44
Q

characteristics of skeletal muscle tissue

A

Striated, voluntary, attached to bones, multiple nuclei per fiber

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45
Q

facia

A

Layers of connective tissue surrounding and separating skeletal muscles

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46
Q

tendon

A

Extension of fibrous connective tissue attaching skeletal muscles to bones

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47
Q

I band

A

Region of sarcomere containing only thin filaments

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47
Q

A band

A

Region of sarcomere containing entire length of thick filaments

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47
Q

sarcomere

A

Basic functional unit of skeletal muscle fibers

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48
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

Synapse between motor neuron and skeletal muscle fiber

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49
Q

sliding-filament mechanism

A

Process of muscle contraction involving sliding of actin and myosin filaments

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50
Q

three main sources of ATP in skeletal muscle

A

Creatine phosphate, anaerobic glycolysis, aerobic respiration

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51
Q

twitch contraction

A

Brief contraction of all muscle fibers in a motor unit

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51
Q

tetanus

A

Sustained muscle contraction due to repeated stimuli

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52
Q

oxygen debt

A

Additional oxygen needed after exercise to restore ATP and creatine phosphate levels

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52
Q

motor unit recruitment order

A

Slow oxidative, fast oxidative-glycolytic, fast glycolytic fibers

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53
Q

effect of strength training

A

Increases size and strength of fast glycolytic fibers

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54
Q

effect of endurance training

A

Increases number and size of slow oxidative fibers

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55
Q

characteristics of cardiac muscle tissue

A

Striated, involuntary, forms walls of the heart

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56
Q

intercalated discs

A

Connections between cardiac muscle fibers allowing rapid action potential transmission

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57
Q

effect of aging on skeletal muscle

A

Gradual loss of mass, replaced by connective and adipose tissue

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57
Q

characteristics of smooth muscle tissue

A

Non-striated, involuntary, found in hollow organs and blood vessels

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58
Q

origin of skeletal muscle

A

Attachment to the stationary bone

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59
Q

interstation of skeletal muscle

A

Attachment to the movable bone

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60
Q

antagonist

A

Muscle that opposes the action of the prime mover

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60
Q

prime mover

A

Main muscle responsible for a specific movement

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61
Q

synergist

A

Muscle that assists the prime mover in a movement

62
Q

naming of skeletal muscles based on direction

A

Rectus abdominis, Transverse abdominis, External oblique

62
Q

fixator

A

Muscle that stabilizes a joint during movement

63
Q

naming of skeletal muscles based on size

A

Gluteus maximus, Gluteus minimus, Pectoralis major

63
Q

naming of skeletal muscles based on action

A

Flexor carpi radialis, Extensor carpi ulnaris, Abductor pollicis longus

64
Q

Naming of skeletal muscles based on number of origins

A

Biceps brachii, Triceps brachii, Quadriceps femoris

65
Q
A
66
Q

the 5 key functions of muscular tissue

A

Producing body movements 🏃‍♀️

Stabilizing body positions 🧘‍♂️

Regulating organ volume 🫁

Moving substances within the body (through organs) 💧

Producing heat 🔥

67
Q

the key identifying features of skeletal muscle

A

Striated appearance

Voluntary control

Multiple nuclei

Organized into fascicles

Attached to bones by tendons 🦴

High mitochondrial content

68
Q

Striated appearance

A

Skeletal muscle fibers have a striped or striated pattern due to the arrangement of the actin and myosin filaments. 🔍

69
Q

Voluntary control

A

Skeletal muscle contraction is under voluntary control of the nervous system. 🧠

70
Q

Multiple nuclei

A

Each skeletal muscle fiber contains multiple nuclei located at the periphery of the cell. 👀

71
Q

Organized into fascicles -

A

Skeletal muscles are composed of bundles of muscle fibers called fascicles, separated by connective tissue layers. 🧵

72
Q

Attached to bones by tendons

A

Skeletal muscles are attached to bones via tough, fibrous connective tissue called tendons. 🦴

73
Q

High mitochondrial content

A

Skeletal muscle fibers have a high density of mitochondria to support their energy needs during contraction. 🔋

74
Q

The origin

A

The origin is the attachment point of the muscle that is stationary or immovable. This is usually the attachment to the bone that does not move during muscle contraction.

75
Q

The insertion

A

The insertion is the attachment point of the muscle that is movable. This is usually the attachment to the bone that moves when the muscle contracts and pulls on it.

76
Q

Ligaments

A

Ligaments are bands of fibrous connective tissue that connect bone to bone.

They help stabilize and limit the movement of joints.

Examples include the ligaments around the knee and ankle joints.

77
Q

Tendons

A

Tendons are extensions of fibrous connective tissue that attach skeletal muscles to bones.

They transmit the force of muscle contraction to the bones, allowing for movement.

Examples include the Achilles tendon and the tendons that attach the biceps and quadriceps muscles.

78
Q

differences between ligaments and tendons

A

Ligaments connect bone to bone and stabilize joints.

Tendons connect muscle to bone and allow muscles to move the bones.

79
Q

Occipitofrontalis (Epicranius Muscle):

A

Consists of two parts - the frontal belly and the occipital belly

The frontal belly draws the scalp forward, raises the eyebrows, and wrinkles the forehead

The occipital belly draws the scalp backward

80
Q

Orbicularis Oris:

A

Closes and protrudes the lips, compresses the lips against the teeth, and shapes the lips during speech

81
Q

Zygomaticus Major:

A

Zygomaticus Major:

Draws the angle of the mouth upward and outward, as in smiling or laughing

82
Q

Buccinator

A

Buccinator:

Presses the cheeks against the teeth and lips, as in whistling, blowing, and sucking

Draws the corner of the mouth laterally

Assists in chewing

83
Q

Orbicularis Oculi:

A

Orbicularis Oculi:

Closes the eye

84
Q

Platysma

A

Platysma:

Draws the outer part of the lower lip downward and backward, as in pouting

Depresses the mandible

85
Q

Masseter:

A

Origin: Maxilla and zygomatic arch

Insertion: Mandible

Action: Elevates the mandible (closes the mouth)

The masseter is responsible for the up-and-down closing motion of the jaw,

86
Q

Temporalis:

A

Origin: Temporal bone

Insertion: Mandible

Action: Elevates and retracts (draws back) the mandible

the temporalis helps with the side-to-side grinding motion as well as retracting the jaw.

87
Q

Muscles that move the eyeballs

A

Superior Rectus

Inferior Rectus

Lateral Rectus

Medial Rectus

Superior Oblique

Inferior Oblique

The levator palpebrae superioris muscle -

88
Q

superior rectus

A

Superior Rectus - Moves the eyeball upward, medially, and rotates it medially

89
Q

inferior rectus

A

Inferior Rectus - Moves the eyeball downward, medially, and rotates it medially

90
Q

lateral rectus

A

Lateral Rectus - Moves the eyeball laterally (abduction)

91
Q

Medial Rectus

A

Medial Rectus - Moves the eyeball medially (adduction)

92
Q

superior oblique

A

Superior Oblique - Moves the eyeball downward, laterally, and rotates it medially

93
Q

inferior oblique

A

Inferior Oblique - Moves the eyeball upward, laterally, and rotates it laterally

94
Q

The levator palpebrae superioris muscle -

A

The levator palpebrae superioris muscle - This is the muscle that lifts up your upper eyelid, opening your eye.

95
Q

Muscles of abdomen protect abdominal organs & moving vertebral column

A

Rectus abdominis

External oblique

Internal oblique

Transverse abdominis

96
Q

rectus abdominis

A

Rectus abdominis - This big muscle runs down the front of your belly. It helps you flex your spine and also compresses your abdomen, which is useful for things like going to the bathroom or giving birth.

97
Q

External oblique

A

External oblique - These muscles are on the sides of your abdomen. When both sides contract, they flex your spine. When just one side contracts, it bends your spine to that side.

98
Q

Internal oblique

A

Internal oblique - These are the muscles under the external obliques. They also help flex your spine and bend it to the side.

99
Q

Transverse abdominis

A

Transverse abdominis - This muscle runs across your belly, kind of like a belt. It helps compress your abdomen.

100
Q

Muscles of thorax that assist in breathing

A

the diaphragm

the external intercostal muscles

the internal intercostal muscles

101
Q

The diaphragm

A

The diaphragm - This is a big, dome-shaped muscle that sits at the bottom of your chest cavity. When it contracts, it flattens out, making your chest cavity bigger and letting you breathe in. When it relaxes, it moves back up, making your chest cavity smaller and letting you breathe out.

102
Q

The external intercostal muscles

A

The external intercostal muscles - These are the muscles between your ribs. When they contract, they lift your ribs up and out, expanding your chest and helping you breathe in.

103
Q

The internal intercostal muscles

A

The internal intercostal muscles - These are the muscles under the external ones. When they contract, they pull your ribs down and in, helping you breathe out.

104
Q

Muscles of thorax that move the pectoral girdle

A

-pectoralis minor
-serratus anterior
-trapezius
-levator scapulae
-rhomboid major

All of these muscles work together to allow you to move your arms and shoulders in different directions.

105
Q

Pectoralis minor

A

Pectoralis minor - This muscle attaches to the shoulder blade and helps pull it downward and forward.

106
Q

Serratus anterior -

A

Serratus anterior - This muscle is on the side of your chest and helps pull the shoulder blade outward and upward. It’s sometimes called the “boxer’s muscle” because it’s important for punching and pushing movements.

107
Q

Trapezius

A

Trapezius - This big muscle covers the upper back and shoulder area. The different parts of it can lift the shoulder blade up, pull it inward, or pull it downward.

108
Q

Levator scapulae

A

Levator scapulae - As the name suggests, this muscle lifts up the shoulder blade.

109
Q

Rhomboid major

A

Rhomboid major - This muscle pulls the shoulder blade inward and upward.

110
Q

Muscles of thorax and shoulder that move the humerus

A

-pectoralis major
-latissimus dorsi
-deltoid
-subscapularis
-supraspinatus
-infraspinatus
-teres major

111
Q

Pectoralis major

A

Pectoralis major - This big chest muscle helps pull the arm inward and rotate it inward. It also helps flex and extend the arm.

112
Q

Latissimus dorsi

A

Latissimus dorsi - This wide back muscle helps extend the arm, pull it inward, and rotate it inward.

113
Q

Deltoid -

A

Deltoid - This triangular muscle on the top of the shoulder helps abduct (lift) the arm, as well as flex, extend, and rotate it.

114
Q

Subscapularis

A

Subscapularis - This muscle under the shoulder blade helps rotate the arm inward.

115
Q

Supraspinatus

A

Supraspinatus - This muscle above the shoulder blade assists the deltoid in abducting the arm.

116
Q

Infraspinatus

A

Infraspinatus - This muscle on the back of the shoulder blade helps rotate the arm outward.

117
Q

Teres major

A

Teres major - This small muscle helps extend and adduct (pull inward) the arm.

118
Q

Muscles of the arm that move the radius and ulna

A

-biceps brachii
-brachialis
-brachioradialis
-triceps of brachii
-supinator
-pronator teres

All of these muscles work together to give you the ability to bend, straighten, and rotate your forearm and hand. It’s pretty amazing how many different muscles are involved in something as simple as turning your palm up or down! 🤯

The biceps, brachialis, and brachioradialis are the main flexors, while the triceps is the main extensor. And the supinator and pronator muscles allow you to rotate your forearm. Isn’t the human body incredible, Jordyn ?

119
Q

Biceps brachii

A

Biceps brachii - This muscle has two “heads” and helps flex and supinate (turn palm up) the forearm.

120
Q

Brachialis

A

Brachialis - This muscle under the biceps also helps flex the forearm.

121
Q

Brachioradialis

A

Brachioradialis - This muscle on the front of the forearm also helps flex the forearm.

122
Q

Triceps brachii

A

Triceps brachii - This muscle on the back of the arm helps extend the forearm.

123
Q

Supinator

A

Supinator - This muscle helps rotate the forearm to turn the palm up.

124
Q

Pronator teres

A

Pronator teres - This muscle helps rotate the forearm to turn the palm down.

125
Q

Muscles of the forearm that move the wrist, hand, and fingers

A

-Flexor carpi radialis
-Flexor carpi ulnaris
-Flexor digitorum superficialis
-Flexor digitorum profundus
-Extensor carpi radialis longus
-Extensor carpi ulnaris
-Extensor digitorum

All of these muscles work together to give you the amazing dexterity and control you have in your hands and fingers

126
Q

Flexor carpi radialis

A

Flexor carpi radialis - This muscle on the front of the forearm helps flex and abduct (move away from the body) the wrist.

127
Q

Flexor carpi ulnaris

A

Flexor carpi ulnaris - This muscle on the inside of the forearm helps flex and adduct (move towards the body) the wrist.

128
Q

Flexor digitorum superficialis

A

Flexor digitorum superficialis - This muscle helps flex the fingers and the wrist.

129
Q

Flexor digitorum profundus

A

Flexor digitorum profundus - This deeper muscle also helps flex the fingers and wrist.

130
Q

Extensor carpi radialis longus

A

Extensor carpi radialis longus - This muscle on the back of the forearm helps extend and abduct the wrist.

131
Q

Extensor carpi ulnaris

A

Extensor carpi ulnaris - This muscle helps extend and adduct the wrist.

132
Q

Extensor digitorum

A

Extensor digitorum - This muscle extends the fingers and the wrist.

133
Q

Muscles of the neck and back that move the vertebral column

A

Erector spinae

Sternocleidomastoid

Quadratus lumborum

All of these muscles work together to give you the ability to move your spine in different directions. The erector spinae are especially important for standing up straight and maintaining good posture.

134
Q

Erector spinae

A

Erector spinae - This is a group of muscles that run along the back of your spine. They help extend and laterally flex (bend side-to-side) your spine.

135
Q

Sternocleidomastoid

A

Sternocleidomastoid - This muscle in the front of your neck helps flex your neck and turn your head.

136
Q

Quadratus lumborum

A

Quadratus lumborum - This muscle on the side of your lower back helps extend and laterally flex your lower spine.

137
Q

Muscles of the gluteal region that move the femur

A

Gluteus maximus
Gluteus medius
Tensor fasciae latae
Adductor longus and magnus
Piriformis
Pectineus

138
Q

Gluteus maximus

A

Gluteus maximus - This is the biggest muscle in your butt. It helps extend and laterally rotate your thigh.

139
Q

Gluteus medius

A

Gluteus medius - This muscle on the side of your hip helps abduct (move away from the body) and medially rotate your thigh.

140
Q

Tensor fasciae latae

A

Tensor fasciae latae - This muscle on the front of your hip helps flex and abduct your thigh.

141
Q

Adductor longus and magnus

A

Adductor longus and magnus - These muscles on the inner thigh help adduct (move towards the body), flex, and rotate your thigh.

142
Q

Piriformis

A

Piriformis - This small muscle deep in your butt helps laterally rotate and abduct your thigh.

143
Q

Pectineus

A

Pectineus - This muscle on the front of your hip helps flex and adduct your thigh.

144
Q

Muscles of the thigh that move the femur and tibia and fibula

A

quadriceps
hamstring group
adductor group

The quadriceps are the main knee extensors, while the hamstrings are the main knee flexors. They work together to give you the ability to straighten, bend, and move your leg in different directions.

145
Q

Quadriceps femoris

A

Quadriceps femoris - This group of 4 muscles on the front of your thigh helps extend your leg at the knee. It includes the rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius.

146
Q

Hamstring group

A

Hamstring group - This group of 3 muscles on the back of your thigh helps flex your leg at the knee. It includes the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus.

147
Q

Adductor group

A

Adductor group - Muscles like the adductor longus and magnus on the inner thigh help adduct (bring your leg towards the body) and flex your thigh.

148
Q

Muscles of the leg that move the foot and toe

A

Tibialis anterior
Extensor digitorum longus
Fibularis (peroneus) longus
Gastrocnemius and soleus
Tibialis posterior
Flexor digitorum longus

149
Q

Tibialis anterior

A

Tibialis anterior - This muscle on the front of your shin helps lift your foot up (dorsiflexion) and turn it inward (inversion).

150
Q

Extensor digitorum longus

A

Extensor digitorum longus - This muscle also helps lift your foot up and spread your toes out.

151
Q

Muscles of the leg that move the foot and toe

A

Tibialis anterior
Extensor digitorum longus
Fibularis (peroneus) longus
Gastrocnemius and soleus
Tibialis posterior
Flexor digitorum longus

All of these muscles work together to give you the amazing dexterity and control you have in your feet and toes. Isn’t it crazy how many different muscles are involved in something as simple as standing on your tiptoes? 🤯

152
Q

Tibialis anterior

A

Tibialis anterior - This muscle on the front of your shin helps lift your foot up (dorsiflexion) and turn it inward (inversion).

153
Q

Extensor digitorum longus

A

Extensor digitorum longus - This muscle also helps lift your foot up and spread your toes out.

154
Q

Fibularis (peroneus) longus -

A

Fibularis (peroneus) longus - This muscle on the outside of your leg helps point your foot down (plantar flexion) and turn it outward (eversion).

155
Q

Gastrocnemius and soleus

A

Gastrocnemius and soleus - These muscles in the back of your lower leg are the main plantar flexors, helping you point your foot down.

156
Q

Tibialis posterior

A

Tibialis posterior - This deep muscle helps plantar flex and invert your foot.

157
Q

Flexor digitorum longus

A

Flexor digitorum longus - This muscle helps flex your toes.

158
Q

types of fibrous joints

A

syndesmosis
suture
Interosseous membranes

159
Q

types of synovial joints

A
160
Q
A

Biology 152- Anatomy And Physiology (10 decks)

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