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Cognitive Psychology > Quiz 4: Attention and Consciousness > Flashcards

Quiz 4: Attention and Consciousness Flashcards

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1
Q

The means by which we actively select and process a limited amount of information from all of the information captured by our senses, our stored memories, and our other cognitive processes; includes both conscious and unconscious processes.

A

Attention

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2
Q

Includes both feeling of awareness and the content of awareness, which may be under the focus of attention.

A

Consciousness

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3
Q

4 main functions of attention.

A

Signal detection and Vigilance
Search
Selective Attention
Divided Attention

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4
Q

We try to detect the appearance of a particular stimulus.

A

Signal detection and Vigilance

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5
Q

People pick out the important stimuli embedded in a wealth of irrelevant, distracting stimuli; often used to measure sensitivity to target’s presence.

A

Signal detection theory

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6
Q

4 possible outcomes of signal detection.

A

Hits - “true positives”
False alarms- “false positives”
Misses-“false negatives”
Correct rejections -“true negatives”

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7
Q

Ability to attend a field of stimulation over a prolonged period; watchfully waits to detect a signal stimulus that may appear at an unknown time; needed in setting in which a given stimulus occurs rarely but requires immediate attention as soon it occurs.

A

Vigilance

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8
Q

Refers to a scan of the environment for particular features—actively looking for something when you are not sure where it will appear; involves using our attentional resources to actively and often skillfully seek out a target.

A

Search

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9
Q

Nontarget stimuli that divert our attention away from the target stimulus.

A

Distracters

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10
Q

2 different kinds of search.

A

Feature search
Conjunction search

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11
Q

We look for just one feature that makes our search object different from all others (ex. color, shape, size).

A

Feature search

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12
Q

We have to combine two or more features to find the stimulus we’re looking for.

A

Conjunction search

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13
Q

A theory that explains why it is relatively easy to conduct feature searches and relatively difficult to conduct conjunction searches.

A

Feature integration theory

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14
Q

Who proposed the feature integration theory?

A

Anne Treisman (1986)

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15
Q

2 stages when we perceive objects.

A

Color and size
Connecting 2 or more features with some “mental glue”.

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16
Q

A stage when we perceive objects that is automatic and does not need for cognitive processing.

A

Color and size

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17
Q

A stage when we perceive objects that requires conscious attention; have to combine the features we are searching one by one.

A

Connecting 2 or more features with some “mental glue”.

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18
Q

A theory which states that the more similar target and distracter are, the more difficult it is to find the target; the difficulty of search tasks depends on how different distracters are from each other, but it does not depend on the number of features to be integrated.

A

Similarity theory

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19
Q

We choose to attend to some stimuli and ignore others.

A

Selective attention

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20
Q

The process of tracking one conversation while distracted by other conversation.

A

Cocktail party problem

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21
Q

Presenting a separate message to each ear.

A

Dichotic Presentation

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22
Q

3 filter models.

A

Early filter model
Selective filter model
Late filter model

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23
Q

We filter information right after we notice it at the sensory level; all the incoming information is being perceived and stored in sensory memory; sensory memory only stores the information for a split second and then forwards it to a filter that allows only one message to move forward to be processed in more detail.

A

Early filter model

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24
Q

The filter blocks out most information at the sensory level but some personally important
messages are so powerful that they burst through the filtering mechanism.

A

Selective filter model

25
Q

Instead of blocking out stimuli, the filter merely weakens the strength of all stimuli other than the target stimulus.

A

Attenuation model

26
Q

Stimuli are filtered out only after they have been analyzed for both their physical properties and their meaning; would allow people to recognize information entering the unattended ear.

A

Late filter model

27
Q

We engage in more than one task at a time, and we shift our attentional resources to allocate them as needed.

A

Divided attention

28
Q

When you shift your focus from one thing to another, a tiny gap in attention is created; psychological refractory period (PRP) effect.

A

Attentional blink

29
Q

4 factors that affect our ability to pay attention.

A

Anxiety
Arousal
Task difficulty
Skills

30
Q

A factor where being anxious by nature or by situation, places constraints on attention.

A

Anxiety

31
Q

Being anxious by nature.

A

Trait-based anxiety

32
Q

Being anxious by situation.

A

State-based anxiety

33
Q

A factor where its overall state affects attention; you may be tired, drowsy, or drugged, which may limit attention; being excited sometimes enhances attention.

A

Arousal

34
Q

A factor where working on task that is difficult or novel needs more attentional resources than when you work on an easy or highly familiar task.

A

Task difficulty

35
Q

A factor where the more practiced and skilled you are in performing a task, the more your attention is enhanced.

A

Skill

36
Q

Being “prepared” to attend to some incoming event, and maintaining this attention.

A

Alerting

37
Q

The selection of stimuli to attend to; this kind of attention is needed when we perform a visual search.

A

Orienting

38
Q

Includes processes for monitoring and resolving conflicts that arise among internal processes.

A

Executive attention

39
Q

2 things we acquire when our attention fails us.

A

ADHD
Change/Inattentional blindness

40
Q

3 primary symptoms of ADHD.

A

Inattention
Hyperactivity
Impulsiveness

41
Q

An inability to detect changes in objects or scenes that are being viewed.

A

Change blindness

42
Q

A phenomenon in which people are not able to see things that are actually there.

A

Inattentional blindness

43
Q

An attentional dysfunction in which participants ignore the half of their visual field that is contralateral to the hemisphere of the brain that has a lesion.

A

Spatial neglect (hemineglect)

44
Q

When stimuli are present in both sides of the
visual field, people with hemi-neglect suddenly ignore the stimuli that are contralateral
to their lesion.

A

Extinction

45
Q

Performed without conscious awareness; require little or no intention or effort; multiple automatic processes may occur at once, or at least quickly, and in no particular sequence; also termed as parallel processes.

A

Automatic processes

46
Q

Accessible to conscious control and even
require it; performed serially; occur sequentially, one step at a time; take a relatively long time to execute.

A

Controlled processes

47
Q

Tasks that start off as controlled processes eventually become automatic ones as a result of practice.

A

Automatization (proceduralization)

48
Q

A theory which suggested that automatization occurs because we gradually accumulate knowledge about specific responses to specific stimuli.

A

Instance theory

49
Q

Who proposed instance theory?

A

Gordon Logan (1988)

50
Q

A phenomenon that demonstrates the psychological difficulty in selectively attending to the color of the ink and trying to ignore the word that is printed with the ink of that color.

A

Stroop effect

51
Q

Who proposed the stroop effect?

A

John Ridley Stroop

52
Q

Are errors in choosing an objective or in specifying a means of achieving it.

A

Mistakes

53
Q

Are errors in carrying out an intended means for reaching an objective.

A

Slips

54
Q

Information that is available for cognitive processing but that currently lies outside conscious awareness.

A

Preconscious processing

55
Q

Occurs when recognition of certain stimuli is affected by prior presentation of the same or similar stimuli; participants are presented with a first stimulus, and then they are presented with a second stimulus and make judgement.

A

Priming

56
Q

In which you try to remember something that is stored in memory but that cannot readily be retrieve.

A

Tip of the tongue phenomenon

57
Q

Traces of visual perceptual ability in blind areas.

A

Blindsight

58
Q

Two forms that partially overlapping sets.

A

Attention & Consciousness

Cognitive Psychology (11 decks)

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