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Cognitive Psychology > Chapter I > Flashcards

Chapter I Flashcards

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1
Q

Study of how people perceive, learn, remember, & think about information; explains both normal & abnormal minds.

A

Cognitive Psychology

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2
Q

A developmental process whereby ideas evolve over time through a back-and-forth exchange of ideas; seeking a synthesis of two or more seemingly opposing viewpoints.

A

Dialectic manner

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3
Q

3 ways of dialectic manner.

A

Thesis
Antithesis
Synthesis

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4
Q

A way of dialectic manner for making a theory; statement of belief.

A

Thesis

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5
Q

A way of dialectic manner for countering a theory.

A

Antithesis

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6
Q

A way of dialectic manner for combining or merging theories; integrates the most credible
features of each of two (or more) views.

A

Synthesis

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7
Q

Cognitive Psychology started with?

A

Philosophy and Physiology

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8
Q

Seeks to understand the general nature of many aspects of the world, in part through introspection; covert behavior.

A

Philosophy

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9
Q

Examination of inner ideas and experiences; conscious observation of one’s own thinking processes.

A

Introspection

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10
Q

Believes that the route to knowledge is through thinking and logical method.

A

Rationalist

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11
Q

Seeks a scientific study of life-sustaining functions in living
matter, primarily through empirical methods; overt behavior.

A

Physiology

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12
Q

Believes that we acquire knowledge via empirical evidence.

A

Empiricist

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13
Q

French philosopher; follower of Plato; viewed the introspective, reflective method as being superior to empirical methods for finding truth; “Cogito ergo sum, dubito ergo sum”.

A

René Descartes (Nativist)

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14
Q

What does Cogito mean?

A

Thinking

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15
Q

What does Dubito mean?

A

Doubt

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16
Q

British philosopher; follower of Aristotle; believed that humans are born without knowledge and therefore must seek knowledge through empirical observation; experiences and environment.

A

John Locke

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17
Q

Who made the tabula rasa theory?

A

John Locke

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18
Q

A theory which argues that, at birth, the mind is a a blank slate that we fill with ‘ideas’ as we experience the world through the five senses.

A

Tabula rasa

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19
Q

A phrase made by a British empiricist which says that we know nothing except our experiences.

A

Essi est percepi

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20
Q

School of thoughts in Cognitive Psychology.

A

Structuralism
Functionalism
Associationism
Behaviourism
Gestalt Psychology

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21
Q

Wilhelm Wundt; seeks to understand the
structure of the mind and its perceptions by analyzing those perceptions into their constituent components; where elementary processes of perception started; first major school of thought.

A

Structuralism

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22
Q

German psychologist whose ideas contributed
to the development of structuralism.

A

Wilhelm Wundt

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23
Q

William James; seeks to understand what people do and why they do it; about the processes of thoughts; ; study about perception, attention, and consciousness.

A

Functionalism

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24
Q

Believe that knowledge is validated by its usefulness; they also want to know what
we can do with our knowledge of what people do.

A

Pragmatists

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25
Q

Ivan Pavlov; a philosophy which says that complex mental processes, such as thinking, learning, and memory, can be wholly or mainly explained by the associative links formed between ideas according to specific laws; examines how elements of the mind, such as
events or ideas, can become associated with one another in the mind to result in a form
of learning.

A

Associationism

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26
Q

Associations may result from?

A

Contiguity
Similarity

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27
Q

Associating things that tend to occur together at about the same time.

A

Contiguity

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28
Q

Associating things with similar features or properties.

A

Similarity

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29
Q

Was the first experimenter to apply associationist principles systematically; studied his own mental processes.

A

Hermann Ebbinghaus

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30
Q

The conscious repetition of material to be learned.

A

Rehearsal

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31
Q

What kind of psychologist is Ivan Pavlov?

A

Associationist

32
Q

Held that the role of “satisfaction” is the key to forming associations; termed the principle the “law and effect”; believed that an organism learns to respond in a given way in a given situation if it is rewarded repeatedly for doing so.

A

Edward Lee Thorndike

33
Q

A stimulus will tend to produce a certain
response over time if an organism is rewarded for that response.

A

Law of effect

34
Q

Focuses only on the relation between observable behavior and environmental events or stimuli; may be considered an extreme version of associationism.

A

Behaviorism

35
Q

The “father” of radical behaviorism; believed that psychologists should concentrate only on the study of observable behavior.

A

John B. Watson

36
Q

A radical behaviorist; believed that virtually all forms of human behavior, not just learning, could be explained by reactions to the environment; operant conditioning.

A

B.F. Skinner

37
Q

States that we best understand psychological phenomena when we view them as organized, structured wholes; the whole is greater than the sum of the parts.

A

Gestalt/Gestalt Psychology

38
Q

Belief that most human behavior explains how people think; rejects the behavioristic notion that psychologists should avoid studying
mental processes just because they are unobservable; in part, a synthesis
of earlier forms of analysis, such as behaviorism and Gestaltism.

A

Cognitivism

39
Q

Who attributed the phrase, “The whole is greater than the sum of the parts.”?

A

Aristotle

40
Q

Considered the brain to be an active, dynamic organizer of behavior.

A

Karl Spencer Lashley

41
Q

Supported Lashley; proposed the concept of cell assemblies as the basis for learning in the brain; said that cell association are coordinated neural structures that develop through frequent stimulation.

A

Donald Hebb

42
Q

2 psychologists who used “thesis” in their theories.

A

Karl Spencer Lashley
Donald Hebb

43
Q

Contradicted Lashley and Hebb; said that language could only be learned through reinforcement; wrote an entire book describing how language acquisition and usage could be explained purely in terms of environmental
contingencies.

A

BF Skinner

44
Q

A psychologist who used “antithesis” in their theory.

A

BF Skinner

45
Q

Said that human brain structures naturally allow for the capacity to learn and use languages; stressed both the biological basis and the creative potential of language.

A

Noam Chomsky

46
Q

A linguist who used “synthesis” in their theory.

A

Noam Chomsky

47
Q

Laws of studying perception; counters John Locke.

A

Resemblance
Togetherness
Cause & Effect

48
Q

German philosopher; synthesized the views of Descartes and Locke, arguing that both rationalism and empiricism
have their place; one’s ability to perceive time and space.

A

Immanuel Kant

49
Q

Made the theory about cognitive map.

A

Edward Tolman

50
Q

Mental shortcuts we use to
process information.

A

Heuristics

51
Q

Judges whether a computer program’s output was indistinguishable from the output of humans.

A

Turing test

52
Q

What year was AI invented?

A

1956

53
Q

Defined as human attempts to construct systems that show intelligence and, particularly, the intelligent processing of information.

A

Artificial intelligence (AI)

54
Q

Types of research methods in Cognitive Psychology.

A

Laboratory Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Neuroscientific Research
Self Reports
Case Studies
Naturalistic Observation
Computer Simulation & AI

55
Q

An organized body of general explanatory principles regarding a phenomenon,
usually based on observations.

A

Theory

56
Q

Tentative proposals regarding expected
empirical consequences of the theory, such as the outcomes of research.

A

Hypotheses

57
Q

Indicates the likelihood that a given set of results would be obtained if only chance factors were in operation.

A

Statistical significance

58
Q

Research methods that are used for acquiring empirical data; proves theory.

A

Laboratory Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Neuroscientific Research
Computer Simulation & AI

59
Q

Research methods used for theory-making & stablishing hypothesis; supplies information for empirical data.

A

Self Reports
Case Studies
Naturalistic Observation

60
Q

Research method that is conducted within a laboratory.

A

Laboratory Experiment

61
Q

Research method that can be done anywhere; experimenter controls as many aspects of the experimental situation as possible.

A

Controlled Experiment

62
Q

Variable that is controlled or manipulated in an experiment; carefully regulated by the experimenter; given to the participants.

A

Independent variable

63
Q

Outcome responses, the values of which depend on how or more independent variables influence or affect the participants in the experiment.

A

Dependent Variable

64
Q

Irrelevant variables that are held constant; can be controlled within the experiment; setting & condition.

A

Control variable

65
Q

Type of irrelevant variable that has been left uncontrolled in a study; unexpected circumstances.

A

Confounding variable

66
Q

Involves estimating the time a cognitive process takes by subtracting the amount of time information processing takes with the process from the time it takes without the process.

A

Subtraction method

67
Q

Parameters used when doing the subtraction method.

A

Precision
Accuracy
No. of errors

68
Q

Study the relationship between cognitive
performance and cerebral events and structures.

A

Neuroscientific Research

69
Q

“What’s happening?”
“Where is it happening?”

A

Cerebral events
Cognitive structures

70
Q

Study of the brain of a dead individual; relating the individual’s cognitive function before death to observable features of the brain.

A

Postmortem

71
Q

An individual’s own account of cognitive processes.

A

Self-reports

72
Q

Examples of self-reports.

A

Journal
Diary
Guided questionnaires

73
Q

In-depth studies of individuals.

A

Case studies

74
Q

The degree to which particular findings in one environmental context may be considered relevant outside of that context.

A

Ecological validity

75
Q

Detailed studies of cognitive performance in everyday situations and nonlaboratory contexts; natural setting.

A

Naturalistic observation

76
Q

Computer program are initiated to imitate to perform a specific cognitive process.

A

Computer Simulation and AI

77
Q

A cross-disciplinary field that uses ideas and methods from cognitive psychology, cognitive neuroscience, AI, philosophy, linguistics, and anthropology.

A

Cognitive science

Cognitive Psychology (11 decks)

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