Chapter I Flashcards
Study of how people perceive, learn, remember, & think about information; explains both normal & abnormal minds.
Cognitive Psychology
A developmental process whereby ideas evolve over time through a back-and-forth exchange of ideas; seeking a synthesis of two or more seemingly opposing viewpoints.
Dialectic manner
3 ways of dialectic manner.
Thesis
Antithesis
Synthesis
A way of dialectic manner for making a theory; statement of belief.
Thesis
A way of dialectic manner for countering a theory.
Antithesis
A way of dialectic manner for combining or merging theories; integrates the most credible
features of each of two (or more) views.
Synthesis
Cognitive Psychology started with?
Philosophy and Physiology
Seeks to understand the general nature of many aspects of the world, in part through introspection; covert behavior.
Philosophy
Examination of inner ideas and experiences; conscious observation of one’s own thinking processes.
Introspection
Believes that the route to knowledge is through thinking and logical method.
Rationalist
Seeks a scientific study of life-sustaining functions in living
matter, primarily through empirical methods; overt behavior.
Physiology
Believes that we acquire knowledge via empirical evidence.
Empiricist
French philosopher; follower of Plato; viewed the introspective, reflective method as being superior to empirical methods for finding truth; “Cogito ergo sum, dubito ergo sum”.
René Descartes (Nativist)
What does Cogito mean?
Thinking
What does Dubito mean?
Doubt
British philosopher; follower of Aristotle; believed that humans are born without knowledge and therefore must seek knowledge through empirical observation; experiences and environment.
John Locke
Who made the tabula rasa theory?
John Locke
A theory which argues that, at birth, the mind is a a blank slate that we fill with ‘ideas’ as we experience the world through the five senses.
Tabula rasa
A phrase made by a British empiricist which says that we know nothing except our experiences.
Essi est percepi
School of thoughts in Cognitive Psychology.
Structuralism
Functionalism
Associationism
Behaviourism
Gestalt Psychology
Wilhelm Wundt; seeks to understand the
structure of the mind and its perceptions by analyzing those perceptions into their constituent components; where elementary processes of perception started; first major school of thought.
Structuralism
German psychologist whose ideas contributed
to the development of structuralism.
Wilhelm Wundt
William James; seeks to understand what people do and why they do it; about the processes of thoughts; ; study about perception, attention, and consciousness.
Functionalism
Believe that knowledge is validated by its usefulness; they also want to know what
we can do with our knowledge of what people do.
Pragmatists
Ivan Pavlov; a philosophy which says that complex mental processes, such as thinking, learning, and memory, can be wholly or mainly explained by the associative links formed between ideas according to specific laws; examines how elements of the mind, such as
events or ideas, can become associated with one another in the mind to result in a form
of learning.
Associationism
Associations may result from?
Contiguity
Similarity
Associating things that tend to occur together at about the same time.
Contiguity
Associating things with similar features or properties.
Similarity
Was the first experimenter to apply associationist principles systematically; studied his own mental processes.
Hermann Ebbinghaus
The conscious repetition of material to be learned.
Rehearsal
What kind of psychologist is Ivan Pavlov?
Associationist
Held that the role of “satisfaction” is the key to forming associations; termed the principle the “law and effect”; believed that an organism learns to respond in a given way in a given situation if it is rewarded repeatedly for doing so.
Edward Lee Thorndike
A stimulus will tend to produce a certain
response over time if an organism is rewarded for that response.
Law of effect
Focuses only on the relation between observable behavior and environmental events or stimuli; may be considered an extreme version of associationism.
Behaviorism
The “father” of radical behaviorism; believed that psychologists should concentrate only on the study of observable behavior.
John B. Watson
A radical behaviorist; believed that virtually all forms of human behavior, not just learning, could be explained by reactions to the environment; operant conditioning.
B.F. Skinner
States that we best understand psychological phenomena when we view them as organized, structured wholes; the whole is greater than the sum of the parts.
Gestalt/Gestalt Psychology
Belief that most human behavior explains how people think; rejects the behavioristic notion that psychologists should avoid studying
mental processes just because they are unobservable; in part, a synthesis
of earlier forms of analysis, such as behaviorism and Gestaltism.
Cognitivism
Who attributed the phrase, “The whole is greater than the sum of the parts.”?
Aristotle
Considered the brain to be an active, dynamic organizer of behavior.
Karl Spencer Lashley
Supported Lashley; proposed the concept of cell assemblies as the basis for learning in the brain; said that cell association are coordinated neural structures that develop through frequent stimulation.
Donald Hebb
2 psychologists who used “thesis” in their theories.
Karl Spencer Lashley
Donald Hebb
Contradicted Lashley and Hebb; said that language could only be learned through reinforcement; wrote an entire book describing how language acquisition and usage could be explained purely in terms of environmental
contingencies.
BF Skinner
A psychologist who used “antithesis” in their theory.
BF Skinner
Said that human brain structures naturally allow for the capacity to learn and use languages; stressed both the biological basis and the creative potential of language.
Noam Chomsky
A linguist who used “synthesis” in their theory.
Noam Chomsky
Laws of studying perception; counters John Locke.
Resemblance
Togetherness
Cause & Effect
German philosopher; synthesized the views of Descartes and Locke, arguing that both rationalism and empiricism
have their place; one’s ability to perceive time and space.
Immanuel Kant
Made the theory about cognitive map.
Edward Tolman
Mental shortcuts we use to
process information.
Heuristics
Judges whether a computer program’s output was indistinguishable from the output of humans.
Turing test
What year was AI invented?
1956
Defined as human attempts to construct systems that show intelligence and, particularly, the intelligent processing of information.
Artificial intelligence (AI)
Types of research methods in Cognitive Psychology.
Laboratory Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Neuroscientific Research
Self Reports
Case Studies
Naturalistic Observation
Computer Simulation & AI
An organized body of general explanatory principles regarding a phenomenon,
usually based on observations.
Theory
Tentative proposals regarding expected
empirical consequences of the theory, such as the outcomes of research.
Hypotheses
Indicates the likelihood that a given set of results would be obtained if only chance factors were in operation.
Statistical significance
Research methods that are used for acquiring empirical data; proves theory.
Laboratory Experiments
Controlled Experiments
Neuroscientific Research
Computer Simulation & AI
Research methods used for theory-making & stablishing hypothesis; supplies information for empirical data.
Self Reports
Case Studies
Naturalistic Observation
Research method that is conducted within a laboratory.
Laboratory Experiment
Research method that can be done anywhere; experimenter controls as many aspects of the experimental situation as possible.
Controlled Experiment
Variable that is controlled or manipulated in an experiment; carefully regulated by the experimenter; given to the participants.
Independent variable
Outcome responses, the values of which depend on how or more independent variables influence or affect the participants in the experiment.
Dependent Variable
Irrelevant variables that are held constant; can be controlled within the experiment; setting & condition.
Control variable
Type of irrelevant variable that has been left uncontrolled in a study; unexpected circumstances.
Confounding variable
Involves estimating the time a cognitive process takes by subtracting the amount of time information processing takes with the process from the time it takes without the process.
Subtraction method
Parameters used when doing the subtraction method.
Precision
Accuracy
No. of errors
Study the relationship between cognitive
performance and cerebral events and structures.
Neuroscientific Research
“What’s happening?”
“Where is it happening?”
Cerebral events
Cognitive structures
Study of the brain of a dead individual; relating the individual’s cognitive function before death to observable features of the brain.
Postmortem
An individual’s own account of cognitive processes.
Self-reports
Examples of self-reports.
Journal
Diary
Guided questionnaires
In-depth studies of individuals.
Case studies
The degree to which particular findings in one environmental context may be considered relevant outside of that context.
Ecological validity
Detailed studies of cognitive performance in everyday situations and nonlaboratory contexts; natural setting.
Naturalistic observation
Computer program are initiated to imitate to perform a specific cognitive process.
Computer Simulation and AI
A cross-disciplinary field that uses ideas and methods from cognitive psychology, cognitive neuroscience, AI, philosophy, linguistics, and anthropology.
Cognitive science
