Chapter 7: Mental Images & Proposition

Question 1

The form for what you know in your mind about things, ideas, events, and so on, in the outside world.

Answer 1

Knowledge representation

Question 2

Observation of one’s mental and emotional
processes.

Answer 2

Introspectionist Approach

Question 3

Deduce logically how people represent knowledge.

Answer 3

Rationalist Approach

Question 4

Refers to facts that can be stated, such as the date of your birth, the name of your best friend,
or the way a rabbit looks.

Answer 4

Declarative knowledge

Question 5

Refers to knowledge of procedures that can be
implemented.

Answer 5

Procedural knowledge

Question 6

2 main sources of empirical data on knowledge
representation.

Answer 6

Standard Laboratory Experiments
Neuropsychological studies

Question 7

Experimental work, researchers indirectly study knowledge representation because they
cannot look into people’s minds directly.

Answer 7

Standard Laboratory Experiments

Question 8

Researchers typically use one of two methods:

(1) they observe how the normal brain responds to various cognitive tasks involving knowledge
representation.
(2) they observe the links between various deficits in knowledge representation and associated pathologies in the brain.

Answer 8

Neuropsychological studies

Question 9

The mental representation of things that are not
currently seen or sensed by the sense organs.

Answer 9

Imagery

Question 10

Use both pictorial and verbal codes
for representing information in our
minds.

Answer 10

Dual-code theory

Question 11

2 codes that organize knowledge into information that can be acted on, stored somehow, and later retrieved for subsequent use.

Answer 11

Analog codes
Symbolic codes

Question 12

Resemble the objects they are representing.

Answer 12

Analog codes

Question 13

A form of knowledge representation that has been chosen arbitrarily to stand for something that does not perceptually resemble what is
being represented.

Answer 13

Symbolic code

Question 14

Suggests that we do not store mental
representations in the form of images or mere words.

Answer 14

Propositional theory

Question 15

Secondary and derivative phenomena that occur as a result of other more basic cognitive processes.

Answer 15

Epiphenomena

Question 16

A shorthand means to express the underlying meaning of a relationship.

Answer 16

Predicate calculus

Question 17

A figure that can be interpreted in more than one way; are often used in studies of perception.

Answer 17

Ambiguous figure

Question 18

This realignment would involve a shift in the positional orientations of the figures on the mental “page” or “screen”.

Answer 18

Mental realignment

Question 19

Reinterpretation of parts of the figure.

Answer 19

Mental reconstrual

Question 20

Participants first were shown another ambiguous figure involving realignment of the reference frame.

Answer 20

Implicit reference frame hint

Question 21

Participants were asked to modify the reference frame.

Answer 21

Explicit reference frame hint

Question 22

The front of the thing you were seeing as the back of something else.

Answer 22

Conceptual hint

Question 23

Participants were directed to attend to regions of the figure where realignments or reconstruals were to occur.

Answer 23

Attentional hint

Question 24

Participants were asked to construe an image from parts determined to be “good” rather than from parts determined to be “bad”.

Answer 24

Construals from “good” parts

Question 25

Although visual imagery is not identical to
visual perception, it is functionally equivalent to it.

Answer 25

Functional equivalence hypothesis

Question 26

Involves rotationally transforming an object’s visual mental image.

Answer 26

Mental rotation

Question 27

A person ignores half of his or her visual field.

Answer 27

Spatial neglect

Question 28

A person asked to imagine a scene and then
describe it ignores half of the imagined scene.

Answer 28

Representational neglect

Question 29

An alternative synthesis of the literature suggests that mental representations may take
any of three forms: propositions, images, or
mental models.

Answer 29

Johnson-Laird’s mental models

Question 30

3 forms that mental representations may take.

Answer 30

Propositions
Images
Mental models

Question 31

Knowledge structures that individuals construct to understand and explain their experiences.

Answer 31

Mental models

Question 32

2 kinds of images.

Answer 32

Visual imagery
Spatial imagery

Question 33

Refers to the use of images that represent visual characteristics such as colors and shapes.

Answer 33

Visual imagery

Question 34

Refers to images that represent spatial features such as depth dimensions, distances, and orientations.

Answer 34

Spatial imagery

Question 35

Deals with the acquisition, organization, and use
of knowledge about objects and actions in 2-D and 3-D space.

Answer 35

Spatial cognition

Question 36

Are internal representations of our physical
environment, particularly centering on spatial relationships.

Answer 36

Cognitive maps

Question 37

3 types of knowledge when forming and using cognitive maps.

Answer 37

Landmark knowledge
Route-road knowledge
Survey knowledge

Question 38

Information about particular features at
a location and which may be based on both imaginal and propositional representations

Answer 38

Landmark knowledge

Question 39

Involves specific pathways for moving from one location to another; may be based on both procedural knowledge and declarative
knowledge.

Answer 39

Route-road knowledge

Question 40

Involves estimated distances between
landmarks, much as they might appear on survey maps; may be represented imaginally
or propositionally (e.g., in numerically specified distances).

Answer 40

Survey knowledge

Question 41

Rules of thumb that influence our estimations of distance; cognitive strategies.

Answer 41

Heuristics