Chapter 5: Memory Flashcards
The means by which we retain and draw on information from our past experiences to use in the present; refers to the dynamic mechanisms associated with storing, retaining, and retrieving information about past experience.
Memory
Three Common Operations of Memory.
Encoding
Storage
Retrieval
Transform sensory data into a form of mental
representation.
Encoding
Keep encoded information in memory.
Storage
Pull out or use information stored in memory.
Retrieval
You produce a fact, a word, or other item from memory.
Recall
Selecting or identifying an item as being one that you have been exposed to previously.
Recognition
3 main types of recall tasks that are used in experiments.
Serial recall
Free recall
Cued recall
You recall items in the exact order in which they were presented.
Serial recall
You recall items in any order you choose.
Free recall
You are first shown items in pairs, but
during recall you are cued with only one member of each pair and are asked to recall
each mate; also called “paired-associates recall”.
Cued recall
The number of trials it takes to learn once again items that were learned in the past.
Relearning
You respond to stimuli presented to you and decide whether you have seen them before or
not; referred to as tapping receptive knowledge.
Recognition-memory tasks
You have to produce an answer, require expressive knowledge.
Recall-memory tasks
Participants engage in conscious recollection.
Explicit memory
We use information from memory but are
not consciously aware that we are doing so.
Implicit memory
The facilitation of your ability to utilize missing information.
Priming
Requires participants to maintain contact between an L-shaped stylus and a small rotating disk.
Rotary Pursuit Task
Subjects trace the outline of a shape they can only see in a mirror.
Mirror Tracing
This model assumes that implicit and explicit memory both have a role in virtually every response.
Process-dissociation model
3 memory stores.
Sensory store
Short-term store
Long-term store
Capable of storing relatively limited amounts of information for very brief periods.
Sensory store
Capable of storing information for somewhat longer periods but of relatively limited capacity as well.
Short-term store
Capable of very large capacity and of storing information for very long periods, perhaps even indefinitely.
Long-term store
Structures for holding information.
Stores
Information stored in the structures.
Memory
Concepts that are not themselves directly measurable or observable but that serve as mental models for understanding how a psychological phenomenon works.
Hypothetical constructs
A discrete visual sensory register that holds information for very short periods.
Iconic store (sensory store)
In this procedure, participants report every symbol they have seen.
Whole-report procedure
In this procedure, participants need to report only part of what they see.
Partial-report procedure
Mental erasure of a stimulus caused by the placement of one stimulus where another one had appeared previously.
Backward visual masking
Refers to the very long-term storage of information, such as knowledge of a foreign language and of mathematics.
Permastore
This framework suggests that memory does
not comprise three or even any specific number of separate stores, but rather it varies along a continuous dimension in terms of depth of encoding.
Levels-of-processing (LOP) framework
Whose model is the LOP framework?
Atkinson and Shiffrin’s
Level of processing which basis is usually apparent features of the letters.
Physical
Level of processing which basis is sound combinations associated with the letters.
Phonological
Level of processing which basis is the meaning of the word.
Semantic
Participants show very high levels of recall when asked to meaningfully relate words to themselves by determining whether the words describe them.
Self-reference effect
Most widely used and accepted model
today; establishes a more dynamic view, whereby working memory serves not only to hold information but also to process that information.
Working-memory model
Holds only the most recently activated, or conscious, portion of long-term memory, and memory storage it moves these activated elements into and out of brief, temporary.
Working Memory
5 elements of working memory.
Visuospatial Sketchpad
Phonological Loop
Central Executive
Subsidiary Slave Systems
Episodic Buffer
An element of memory that briefly holds some visual images; contains both spatial and visual information; information here decays rapidly.
Visuospatial Sketchpad
Logie (1995) suggested that this passively stores visual information, such as color and form.
Visual cache
Logie (1995) suggested that this retains movement information and is responsible for rehearsal of the information.
Inner scribe
An element of memory that briefly stores mainly verbal information for verbal comprehension and for acoustic rehearsal.
Phonological Loop
2 critical components of phonological loop.
Phonological Storage
Subvocal Rehearsal
A component of phonological loop that holds information in memory.
Phonological Storage
A component of phonological loop which holds information by nonverbally practicing it.
Subvocal Rehearsal
A phenomenon where when subvocal rehearsal
is inhibited, the new information is not stored.
Articulatory suppression
A phenomenon where we can remember fewer
longer words compared with shorter words because it takes us longer to rehearse and produce the longer words.
Word length effect.
An element of memory that allocates attention within working memory; decides how to divide attention between two or more tasks that need to be done at the same time, or how to switch attention back and forth between multiple tasks.
Central Executive
An element of memory that perform other cognitive or perceptual tasks.
Subsidiary Slave Systems
An element of memory that explains how we integrate information in working memory, long-term memory, the visuospatial sketchpad,
and the phonological loop; allows us to solve problems and reevaluate previous experiences with more recent knowledge.
Episodic Buffer
Used to remember information temporarily.
Brief memory buffer.
Two Kinds of Explicit Memory.
Semantic memory
Episodic memory
Stores general world knowledge; memory for facts that are not unique to us and that are not recalled in any particular temporal context.
Semantic memory
Stores personally experienced events or episodes; used when learning lists of words or when recalling something that occurred to us at a particular time or in a particular context.
Episodic memory
A neuroscientific model which attempts to account for differences in hemispheric activation for semantic versus episodic memories.
HERA
(hemispheric encoding/retrieval asymmetry)
A node that activates a connected node.
Prime
The resulting activation of the node.
Priming effect
Someone who demonstrates extraordinarily keen memory ability, usually based on using special techniques for memory enhancement.
Mnemonist
The experience of sensations in a sensory modality different from the sense that has been physically stimulated.
Synesthesia
A process of producing retrieval of memories that would seem to have been forgotten; referred to as “unforgetting”.
Hypermnesia
Severe loss of explicit memory.
Amnesia
3 types of amnesia.
Retrograde amnesia
Anterograde amnesia
Infantile amnesia
Individuals lose their purposeful memory for
events before whatever trauma induces memory loss.
Retrograde amnesia
The inability to remember events that occur after a traumatic event.
Anterograde amnesia
The inability to recall events that happened when we were very young.
Infantile amnesia
Normal individuals show the presence of a particular function.
Dissociations
People with different kinds of neuropathological conditions show opposite patterns of deficits.
Double dissociations
A disease of older adults that causes dementia as well as progressive memory loss.
Alzheimer’s disease
A loss of intellectual function that is severe
enough to impair one’s everyday life.
Dementia
Who first discovered Alzheimer’s disease?
Alois Alzheimer (1907)
A special kind of Alzheimer’s disease that is familial; has been linked to a genetic mutation.
Early-onset Alzheimer’s Disease
Appears to be complexly determined and related to a variety of possible genetic and environmental influences, none of which have been conclusively identified.
Late-onset Alzheimer’s Disease
