Chapter 5: Memory

Question 1

The means by which we retain and draw on information from our past experiences to use in the present; refers to the dynamic mechanisms associated with storing, retaining, and retrieving information about past experience.

Answer 1

Memory

Question 2

Three Common Operations of Memory.

Answer 2

Encoding
Storage
Retrieval

Question 3

Transform sensory data into a form of mental
representation.

Answer 3

Encoding

Question 4

Keep encoded information in memory.

Answer 4

Storage

Question 5

Pull out or use information stored in memory.

Answer 5

Retrieval

Question 6

You produce a fact, a word, or other item from memory.

Answer 6

Recall

Question 7

Selecting or identifying an item as being one that you have been exposed to previously.

Answer 7

Recognition

Question 8

3 main types of recall tasks that are used in experiments.

Answer 8

Serial recall
Free recall
Cued recall

Question 9

You recall items in the exact order in which they were presented.

Answer 9

Serial recall

Question 10

You recall items in any order you choose.

Answer 10

Free recall

Question 11

You are first shown items in pairs, but
during recall you are cued with only one member of each pair and are asked to recall
each mate; also called “paired-associates recall”.

Answer 11

Cued recall

Question 12

The number of trials it takes to learn once again items that were learned in the past.

Answer 12

Relearning

Question 13

You respond to stimuli presented to you and decide whether you have seen them before or
not; referred to as tapping receptive knowledge.

Answer 13

Recognition-memory tasks

Question 14

You have to produce an answer, require expressive knowledge.

Answer 14

Recall-memory tasks

Question 15

Participants engage in conscious recollection.

Answer 15

Explicit memory

Question 16

We use information from memory but are
not consciously aware that we are doing so.

Answer 16

Implicit memory

Question 17

The facilitation of your ability to utilize missing information.

Answer 17

Priming

Question 18

Requires participants to maintain contact between an L-shaped stylus and a small rotating disk.

Answer 18

Rotary Pursuit Task

Question 19

Subjects trace the outline of a shape they can only see in a mirror.

Answer 19

Mirror Tracing

Question 20

This model assumes that implicit and explicit memory both have a role in virtually every response.

Answer 20

Process-dissociation model

Question 21

3 memory stores.

Answer 21

Sensory store
Short-term store
Long-term store

Question 22

Capable of storing relatively limited amounts of information for very brief periods.

Answer 22

Sensory store

Question 23

Capable of storing information for somewhat longer periods but of relatively limited capacity as well.

Answer 23

Short-term store

Question 24

Capable of very large capacity and of storing information for very long periods, perhaps even indefinitely.

Answer 24

Long-term store

Question 25

Structures for holding information.

Answer 25

Stores

Question 26

Information stored in the structures.

Answer 26

Memory

Question 27

Concepts that are not themselves directly measurable or observable but that serve as mental models for understanding how a psychological phenomenon works.

Answer 27

Hypothetical constructs

Question 28

A discrete visual sensory register that holds information for very short periods.

Answer 28

Iconic store (sensory store)

Question 29

In this procedure, participants report every symbol they have seen.

Answer 29

Whole-report procedure

Question 30

In this procedure, participants need to report only part of what they see.

Answer 30

Partial-report procedure

Question 31

Mental erasure of a stimulus caused by the placement of one stimulus where another one had appeared previously.

Answer 31

Backward visual masking

Question 32

Refers to the very long-term storage of information, such as knowledge of a foreign language and of mathematics.

Answer 32

Permastore

Question 33

This framework suggests that memory does
not comprise three or even any specific number of separate stores, but rather it varies along a continuous dimension in terms of depth of encoding.

Answer 33

Levels-of-processing (LOP) framework

Question 34

Whose model is the LOP framework?

Answer 34

Atkinson and Shiffrin’s

Question 35

Level of processing which basis is usually apparent features of the letters.

Answer 35

Physical

Question 36

Level of processing which basis is sound combinations associated with the letters.

Answer 36

Phonological

Question 37

Level of processing which basis is the meaning of the word.

Answer 37

Semantic

Question 38

Participants show very high levels of recall when asked to meaningfully relate words to themselves by determining whether the words describe them.

Answer 38

Self-reference effect

Question 39

Most widely used and accepted model
today; establishes a more dynamic view, whereby working memory serves not only to hold information but also to process that information.

Answer 39

Working-memory model

Question 40

Holds only the most recently activated, or conscious, portion of long-term memory, and memory storage it moves these activated elements into and out of brief, temporary.

Answer 40

Working Memory

Question 41

5 elements of working memory.

Answer 41

Visuospatial Sketchpad
Phonological Loop
Central Executive
Subsidiary Slave Systems
Episodic Buffer

Question 42

An element of memory that briefly holds some visual images; contains both spatial and visual information; information here decays rapidly.

Answer 42

Visuospatial Sketchpad

Question 43

Logie (1995) suggested that this passively stores visual information, such as color and form.

Answer 43

Visual cache

Question 44

Logie (1995) suggested that this retains movement information and is responsible for rehearsal of the information.

Answer 44

Inner scribe

Question 45

An element of memory that briefly stores mainly verbal information for verbal comprehension and for acoustic rehearsal.

Answer 45

Phonological Loop

Question 46

2 critical components of phonological loop.

Answer 46

Phonological Storage
Subvocal Rehearsal

Question 47

A component of phonological loop that holds information in memory.

Answer 47

Phonological Storage

Question 48

A component of phonological loop which holds information by nonverbally practicing it.

Answer 48

Subvocal Rehearsal

Question 49

A phenomenon where when subvocal rehearsal
is inhibited, the new information is not stored.

Answer 49

Articulatory suppression

Question 50

A phenomenon where we can remember fewer
longer words compared with shorter words because it takes us longer to rehearse and produce the longer words.

Answer 50

Word length effect.

Question 51

An element of memory that allocates attention within working memory; decides how to divide attention between two or more tasks that need to be done at the same time, or how to switch attention back and forth between multiple tasks.

Answer 51

Central Executive

Question 52

An element of memory that perform other cognitive or perceptual tasks.

Answer 52

Subsidiary Slave Systems

Question 53

An element of memory that explains how we integrate information in working memory, long-term memory, the visuospatial sketchpad,
and the phonological loop; allows us to solve problems and reevaluate previous experiences with more recent knowledge.

Answer 53

Episodic Buffer

Question 54

Used to remember information temporarily.

Answer 54

Brief memory buffer.

Question 55

Two Kinds of Explicit Memory.

Answer 55

Semantic memory
Episodic memory

Question 56

Stores general world knowledge; memory for facts that are not unique to us and that are not recalled in any particular temporal context.

Answer 56

Semantic memory

Question 57

Stores personally experienced events or episodes; used when learning lists of words or when recalling something that occurred to us at a particular time or in a particular context.

Answer 57

Episodic memory

Question 58

A neuroscientific model which attempts to account for differences in hemispheric activation for semantic versus episodic memories.

Answer 58

HERA
(hemispheric encoding/retrieval asymmetry)

Question 59

A node that activates a connected node.

Answer 59

Prime

Question 60

The resulting activation of the node.

Answer 60

Priming effect

Question 61

Someone who demonstrates extraordinarily keen memory ability, usually based on using special techniques for memory enhancement.

Answer 61

Mnemonist

Question 62

The experience of sensations in a sensory modality different from the sense that has been physically stimulated.

Answer 62

Synesthesia

Question 63

A process of producing retrieval of memories that would seem to have been forgotten; referred to as “unforgetting”.

Answer 63

Hypermnesia

Question 64

Severe loss of explicit memory.

Answer 64

Amnesia

Question 65

3 types of amnesia.

Answer 65

Retrograde amnesia
Anterograde amnesia
Infantile amnesia

Question 66

Individuals lose their purposeful memory for
events before whatever trauma induces memory loss.

Answer 66

Retrograde amnesia

Question 67

The inability to remember events that occur after a traumatic event.

Answer 67

Anterograde amnesia

Question 68

The inability to recall events that happened when we were very young.

Answer 68

Infantile amnesia

Question 69

Normal individuals show the presence of a particular function.

Answer 69

Dissociations

Question 70

People with different kinds of neuropathological conditions show opposite patterns of deficits.

Answer 70

Double dissociations

Question 71

A disease of older adults that causes dementia as well as progressive memory loss.

Answer 71

Alzheimer’s disease

Question 72

A loss of intellectual function that is severe
enough to impair one’s everyday life.

Answer 72

Dementia

Question 73

Who first discovered Alzheimer’s disease?

Answer 73

Alois Alzheimer (1907)

Question 74

A special kind of Alzheimer’s disease that is familial; has been linked to a genetic mutation.

Answer 74

Early-onset Alzheimer’s Disease

Question 75

Appears to be complexly determined and related to a variety of possible genetic and environmental influences, none of which have been conclusively identified.

Answer 75

Late-onset Alzheimer’s Disease