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Cognitive Psychology > Chapter 11: Problem Solving and Creativity > Flashcards

Chapter 11: Problem Solving and Creativity Flashcards

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1
Q

An effort to overcome obstacles obstructing the path to a solution.

A

Problem Solving

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2
Q

The situation at the outset in which the problem is not yet solved.

A

Initial State

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3
Q

The condition under which the problem
has been solved.

A

Goal State

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4
Q

7 problem solving cycle.

A

Problem identification
Problem definition and representation
Strategy formulation
Organization of formation
Allocation of resources
Monitoring
Evaluation

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5
Q

Do we actually have a problem?

A

Problem identification

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6
Q

What exactly is our problem?

A

Problem definition and representation

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7
Q

How can we solve the problem?

A

Strategy formulation

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8
Q

4 types of strategy formulation.

A

Analysis
Synthesis
Divergent thinking
Convergent thinking

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9
Q

Breaking down the whole of a complex problem into manageable elements.

A

Analysis

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10
Q

Putting together various elements to arrange them into something useful.

A

Synthesis

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11
Q

Trying to generate a diverse assortment of
possible alternative solutions.

A

Divergent thinking

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12
Q

Narrow down the multiple possibilities to converge on a single best answer.

A

Convergent thinking

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13
Q

How do the various pieces of information in the problem fit together?

A

Organization of formation

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14
Q

How much time, effort, and money should I put into this problem?

A

Allocation of resources

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15
Q

Am I on track as I proceed to solve the problem?

A

Monitoring

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16
Q

Did I solve the problem correctly?

A

Evaluation

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17
Q

3 Errors in well-structured problem.

A

Inadvertently moving backwards
Making illegal moves
Not realizing the nature of the next legal move

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18
Q

Revert to a state that is further from the end goal.

A

Inadvertently moving backwards

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19
Q

A move that is not permitted according to the terms of the problems.

A

Making illegal moves

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20
Q

They become “stuck”.

A

Not realizing the nature of the next legal move

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21
Q

Universe of all possible actions that can be applied to solving a problem.

A

Problem space

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22
Q

Observed that humans must use mental
shortcuts to solve problems, termed as heuristics.

A

Newell and Simon

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23
Q

An informal, intuitive, speculative strategies that sometimes lead to an effective solution and sometimes do not.

A

Heuristics

24
Q

Solving the problem by decreasing the distance between the current position in the problem space and the end goal in that space.

A

Means-end analysis

25
Q

Start at the beginning and attempt to solve the problem from the start to finish.

A

Working forward

26
Q

Start at the end and attempt to work backward from there.

A

Working backward

27
Q

Generate alternative courses of action, not necessarily in a systematic way, and note whether each course of action will work.

A

Generate and test

28
Q

Lacks clear paths to solutions.

A

Ill-structured problems

29
Q

Gestalt psychologist who wrote about productive thinking and reproductive thinking.

A

Max Wertheimer

30
Q

Involves insight that go beyond the bounds of
existing associations.

A

Productive thinking

31
Q

Is based on existing associations involving what is already known.

A

Reproductive thinking

32
Q

2 Obstacles and aids to problem solving.

A

Mental set
Entrenchment

33
Q

A frame of mind involving an
existing model for representing a
problem.

A

Mental set

34
Q

Another term for mental set.

A

Entrenchment

35
Q

3 types of mental set.

A

Functional fixedness
Stereotypes
Stereotype threat

36
Q

Inability to realize that something known to have a particular use also may be used to perform other functions.

A

Functional fixedness

37
Q

Beliefs that members of a social group tend more or less uniformly to have particular types of characteristics.

A

Stereotypes

38
Q

Being aware of stereotypes about their group also can limit people’s performance.

A

Stereotype threat

39
Q

Carryover of knowledge or skills from one problem situation to another.

A

Transfer

40
Q

2 types of transfer.

A

Negative transfer
Positive transfer

41
Q

Occurs when solving an earlier problem makes it harder to solve a later one.

A

Negative transfer

42
Q

Occurs when the solution of an earlier problem
makes it easier to solve a new problem.

A

Positive transfer

43
Q

If they find a relationship, they may have a starting point to solve the new problem.

A

Analogical problem solving

44
Q

Putting the problem aside for a while without
consciously thinking about it—offers one way in which to minimize negative transfer.

A

Incubation

45
Q

A theory that the mind influences the body and the body influences the mind.

A

Embodied cognition

46
Q

Is/Are superior skills or achievements reflecting
a well-developed and well-organized knowledge based.

A

Expertise

47
Q

A person who, by devoting a large amount of time to learn a particular skill/field and applying and practicing that learning.

A

Expert

48
Q

Statements made by problem solvers that can lead to increased problem-solving ability.

A

Verbal protocols

49
Q

Low-level skills become automatic.

A

Automaticity

50
Q

Involves developing rich, highly organized schemas.

A

Schematization

51
Q

Involves consolidating sequences of steps into unified routines that require little or no conscious control.

A

Automatization

52
Q

Retains memories in a stable form but can be
accessed only with adequate retrieval cues.

A

Long-term working memory

53
Q

Looking ahead allows experts to produce signs
more quickly than do novices.

A

Prediction Skills

54
Q

The process of producing something that is both original and worthwhile.

A

Creativity

55
Q

Divergent production, it is the generation of a diverse assortment of appropriate responses, an approach originated by Guilford.

A

Measures of Creativity

56
Q

Creative process both effortful and/or spontaneous.

A

Prefrontal Cortex

57
Q

Verbal working memory, task switching, and imagination.

A

Brodmann’s Area (BA 39)

Cognitive Psychology (11 decks)

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