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Cognitive Psychology > Chapter 6: Memory Processes > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Memory Processes Flashcards

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1
Q

How you transform a physical, sensory input into a representation that can be stored in memory.

A

Encoding

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2
Q

How you keep encoded information
in memory.

A

Storage

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3
Q

How you gain access to information stored in
memory.

A

Retrieval

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4
Q

Forms of encoding.

A

Short-term storage
Long-term storage
Mnemonics

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5
Q

According to Conrad (1966), for short-term memory, what is more important than the visual code?

A

Acoustic code

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6
Q

One based on word meaning.

A

Semantic code

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7
Q

Baddeley (1966) argued that short term memory relies on what code rather than semantic code?

A

Acoustic code

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8
Q

Types of information in long-term storage.

A

Semantic information
Visual information
Acoustic information

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9
Q

2 key problems we encounter when transferring information from short-term memory to long-term memory.

A

Interference
Decay

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10
Q

Competing information Interferes with our storing information.

A

Interference

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11
Q

Forget facts when time passes.

A

Decay

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12
Q

2 methods for transferring from short-term memory to long-term memory.

A

Consolidation
Rehearsal

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13
Q

Process of integrating new information
into store information by making connections of new data into our existing schemas.

A

Consolidation

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14
Q

Strategies that involve reflecting on our own
memory processes to improve our memory.

A

Metamemory

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15
Q

Our ability to think about and control our own
processes of thought and ways of enhancing our thinking.

A

Metacognition

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16
Q

It is a repeated recitation of an item.

A

Rehearsal

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17
Q

Elaborates on the items to be remembered.

A

Elaborative rehearsal

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18
Q

Simply repeats the items to be remembered.

A

Maintenance rehearsal

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19
Q

Noticed that the distribution of study sessions over time affects the consolidation of information in long-term memory.

A

Hermann Ebbinghaus

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20
Q

An effect of greater distribution of learning trials over time, the more the participants remembered over long periods.

A

The spacing effect

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21
Q

Various sessions are spaced over time.

A

Distributed practice

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22
Q

Sessions are crammed together in very short space of time.

A

Massed practice

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23
Q

Specific techniques to help you organize and memorize information.

A

Mnemonic devices

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24
Q

Studied the initial recall of a series of items and recall following brief training in each of several memory strategies.

A

Henry Roediger

25
Q

The fourth stage of long-term memory.

A

Retrieval

26
Q

Refers to the simultaneous handling of multiple operations.

A

Parallel processing

27
Q

Refers to operations being done one after another.

A

Serial processing

28
Q

Implies that the participant always checks the test digit against all digits in the positive set, even if a match were found partway through the list.

A

Exhaustive serial processing

29
Q

Processing implies that the participant would check the test digit against only those digits needed to make a response.

A

Self-terminating serial

30
Q

3 types of memory in long-term memory.

A

Semantic memory
Episodic memory
Procedural memory

31
Q

Is the presence of information stored
in long-term memory.

A

Availability

32
Q

Is the degree to which we can gain access to the available information.

A

Accessibility

33
Q

Refers to the view that forgetting occurs because recall of certain words.

A

Interference theory

34
Q

Occurs when newly acquired knowledge impedes the recall of older material.

A

Retroactive interference

35
Q

New information inhibits the ability to remember old information.

A

Retroactive inhibition

36
Q

Occurs when material that was learned in the past impedes the learning of new material.

A

Proactive interference

37
Q

Old information inhibits the ability to remember new information.

A

Proactive inhibition

38
Q

Represents the probability of recall of a given word, given its serial position (order of presentation) in a list.

A

Serial position curve

39
Q

Are mental frameworks that represent knowledge in meaningful way.

A

Schemas

40
Q

Refers to superior recall of words at and near
the end of a list.

A

Recency effect

41
Q

Refers to the tendency to recall information
presented at the start of a list better than information at the middle or end.

A

Primary effect

42
Q

The eyewitness testimony paradigm; repressed memories.

A

Memory distortion

43
Q

Involving the use of various strategies (eg. each searching for cues, drawing inferences) for retrieving the original memory traces of our experiences and then rebuilding the original
experiences as a basis for retrieval.

A

Reconstructive

44
Q

Prior experience affects how we recall
things and what we actually recall from memory.

A

Constructive

45
Q

Refers to the memory of an individual’s history.

A

Autobiographical memory

46
Q

A memory of an event so powerful that the person remembers the event as vividly as if it were indelibly preserve on film.

A

Flashbulb memory

47
Q

Distortions tend to occur in seven specific ways
which Schacter (2001) refers to as the?

A

Seven sins of memory

48
Q

Seven sins of memory.

A

Transcience
Absent-mindedness
Blocking
Misattribution
Suggestibility
Bias
Persistence

49
Q

Memory fades quickly; the state or fact of lasting only for a short time; general deterioration of a specific memory overtime.

A

Transcience

50
Q

Is where a person shows inattentive or forgetful behavior; so lost in thoughts that one does not realize what one is doing, what is happening; this form of memory breakdown involves problems at the point where attention and memory interface.

A

Absent-mindedness

51
Q

Tip of the tongue phenomenon; people sometimes have something that they know they
should remember, but they can’t; is when the brain tries to retrieve or encode information, but another memory interferes with it; a primary cause of the tip of the tongue phenomenon.

A

Blocking

52
Q

People often cannot remember where they heard what they heard or read what they read. Sometimes people think they saw things they did not see or heard things they did not hear; it entails correct recollection of information with correct recollection of the source of that information.

A

Misattribution

53
Q

People are susceptible to suggestions, so if it is adjusted to them that they saw something, they may think they remember seeing it.

A

Suggestibility

54
Q

This scene is similar to the scene of suggestibility in that one’s currents feelings and worldview distort remembrance of past events.

A

Bias

55
Q

The scene is similar to the scene of suggestibility in that one’s currents feelings and worldview distort remembrance of past events; this can pertain to specific incidences and the general conception one has over a certain period in one’s life; this occurs partly because memories
encoded while the person was feeling a certain level of arousal and a certain type of emotion come to mind more quickly when a person is in a similar mood.

A

Bias

56
Q

People sometimes remember things as consequential that in a broad context, are inconsequential; this failure of the memory system involves the unwanted recall of information that is disturbing.

A

Persistence

57
Q

Maybe the most common source of wrongful convictions in the United states (Modafferi et. Al.,2009).

A

The Eyewitness Testimony Paradigm

58
Q

Refers to the fact that what is recorded depends largely on what is encoded.

A

Encoding specificity

Cognitive Psychology (11 decks)

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