Chapter 6: Memory Processes Flashcards
How you transform a physical, sensory input into a representation that can be stored in memory.
Encoding
How you keep encoded information
in memory.
Storage
How you gain access to information stored in
memory.
Retrieval
Forms of encoding.
Short-term storage
Long-term storage
Mnemonics
According to Conrad (1966), for short-term memory, what is more important than the visual code?
Acoustic code
One based on word meaning.
Semantic code
Baddeley (1966) argued that short term memory relies on what code rather than semantic code?
Acoustic code
Types of information in long-term storage.
Semantic information
Visual information
Acoustic information
2 key problems we encounter when transferring information from short-term memory to long-term memory.
Interference
Decay
Competing information Interferes with our storing information.
Interference
Forget facts when time passes.
Decay
2 methods for transferring from short-term memory to long-term memory.
Consolidation
Rehearsal
Process of integrating new information
into store information by making connections of new data into our existing schemas.
Consolidation
Strategies that involve reflecting on our own
memory processes to improve our memory.
Metamemory
Our ability to think about and control our own
processes of thought and ways of enhancing our thinking.
Metacognition
It is a repeated recitation of an item.
Rehearsal
Elaborates on the items to be remembered.
Elaborative rehearsal
Simply repeats the items to be remembered.
Maintenance rehearsal
Noticed that the distribution of study sessions over time affects the consolidation of information in long-term memory.
Hermann Ebbinghaus
An effect of greater distribution of learning trials over time, the more the participants remembered over long periods.
The spacing effect
Various sessions are spaced over time.
Distributed practice
Sessions are crammed together in very short space of time.
Massed practice
Specific techniques to help you organize and memorize information.
Mnemonic devices
Studied the initial recall of a series of items and recall following brief training in each of several memory strategies.
Henry Roediger
The fourth stage of long-term memory.
Retrieval
Refers to the simultaneous handling of multiple operations.
Parallel processing
Refers to operations being done one after another.
Serial processing
Implies that the participant always checks the test digit against all digits in the positive set, even if a match were found partway through the list.
Exhaustive serial processing
Processing implies that the participant would check the test digit against only those digits needed to make a response.
Self-terminating serial
3 types of memory in long-term memory.
Semantic memory
Episodic memory
Procedural memory
Is the presence of information stored
in long-term memory.
Availability
Is the degree to which we can gain access to the available information.
Accessibility
Refers to the view that forgetting occurs because recall of certain words.
Interference theory
Occurs when newly acquired knowledge impedes the recall of older material.
Retroactive interference
New information inhibits the ability to remember old information.
Retroactive inhibition
Occurs when material that was learned in the past impedes the learning of new material.
Proactive interference
Old information inhibits the ability to remember new information.
Proactive inhibition
Represents the probability of recall of a given word, given its serial position (order of presentation) in a list.
Serial position curve
Are mental frameworks that represent knowledge in meaningful way.
Schemas
Refers to superior recall of words at and near
the end of a list.
Recency effect
Refers to the tendency to recall information
presented at the start of a list better than information at the middle or end.
Primary effect
The eyewitness testimony paradigm; repressed memories.
Memory distortion
Involving the use of various strategies (eg. each searching for cues, drawing inferences) for retrieving the original memory traces of our experiences and then rebuilding the original
experiences as a basis for retrieval.
Reconstructive
Prior experience affects how we recall
things and what we actually recall from memory.
Constructive
Refers to the memory of an individual’s history.
Autobiographical memory
A memory of an event so powerful that the person remembers the event as vividly as if it were indelibly preserve on film.
Flashbulb memory
Distortions tend to occur in seven specific ways
which Schacter (2001) refers to as the?
Seven sins of memory
Seven sins of memory.
Transcience
Absent-mindedness
Blocking
Misattribution
Suggestibility
Bias
Persistence
Memory fades quickly; the state or fact of lasting only for a short time; general deterioration of a specific memory overtime.
Transcience
Is where a person shows inattentive or forgetful behavior; so lost in thoughts that one does not realize what one is doing, what is happening; this form of memory breakdown involves problems at the point where attention and memory interface.
Absent-mindedness
Tip of the tongue phenomenon; people sometimes have something that they know they
should remember, but they can’t; is when the brain tries to retrieve or encode information, but another memory interferes with it; a primary cause of the tip of the tongue phenomenon.
Blocking
People often cannot remember where they heard what they heard or read what they read. Sometimes people think they saw things they did not see or heard things they did not hear; it entails correct recollection of information with correct recollection of the source of that information.
Misattribution
People are susceptible to suggestions, so if it is adjusted to them that they saw something, they may think they remember seeing it.
Suggestibility
This scene is similar to the scene of suggestibility in that one’s currents feelings and worldview distort remembrance of past events.
Bias
The scene is similar to the scene of suggestibility in that one’s currents feelings and worldview distort remembrance of past events; this can pertain to specific incidences and the general conception one has over a certain period in one’s life; this occurs partly because memories
encoded while the person was feeling a certain level of arousal and a certain type of emotion come to mind more quickly when a person is in a similar mood.
Bias
People sometimes remember things as consequential that in a broad context, are inconsequential; this failure of the memory system involves the unwanted recall of information that is disturbing.
Persistence
Maybe the most common source of wrongful convictions in the United states (Modafferi et. Al.,2009).
The Eyewitness Testimony Paradigm
Refers to the fact that what is recorded depends largely on what is encoded.
Encoding specificity
