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Cognitive Psychology > Chapter II > Flashcards

Chapter II Flashcards

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1
Q

The study of how the brain and other aspects of the nervous system are linked to cognitive processing & behavior; discussed the anatomy (structures) and mechanisms (how it works) of the brain.

A

Cognitive Neuroscience

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2
Q

What is the main organ in Cognitive Neuroscience?

A

Brain

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3
Q

The organ in our bodies that most directly controls our thoughts, emotion and motivation.

A

Brain

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4
Q

Processes all stimuli in the environment.

A

Reactive

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5
Q

Give information to different parts of the body to tell them what to do.

A

Directive

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6
Q

Refers to the specific areas of the brain that control specific skills or behaviors.

A

Localization of function

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7
Q

The basis for our ability to perceive, adapt to, and interact with the world around us.

A

Nervous system

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8
Q

3 parts of the brain.

A

Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain

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9
Q

Part of the brain that if first to develop; responsible for survival; can be seen in most animals.

A

Hindbrain

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10
Q

Parts of Hindbrain

A

Medulla Oblongata
Pons
Cerebellum

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11
Q

Part of the hindbrain that is responsible for heart activities, digestion, and swallowing; part of the brainstem; can be felt at the nape; only part that isn’t protected by the skull.

A

Medulla Oblongata

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12
Q

Part of the Hindbrain that contains neural fibers that pass signals from one part of the brain to
another; acts as bridges; all of its axons are extended to different parts of the brain for faster transportation of information.

A

Pons

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13
Q

Part of the Hindbrain that is responsible for body balance, coordination, muscle tone & procedural memory; “little cerebrum”

A

Cerebellum

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14
Q

Part of the brain that is responsible for eye coordination & eye movement.

A

Midbrain

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15
Q

Parts of Midbrain

A

Reticular Activating System (RAS)

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16
Q

Part of the midbrain that is a network of neurons essential to regulating consciousness,
including sleep; wakefulness; arousal; attention to some extent; and vital functions, such
as heartbeat and breathing; extends from midbrain to hindbrain.

A

Reticular Activating System (RAS)

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17
Q

Connects the forebrain to the spinal cord.

A

Brainstem

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18
Q

The region of the brain located toward the top and front of the brain.

A

Forebrain

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19
Q

Parts of Forebrain

A

Basal ganglia
Limbic system
Cerebral Cortex

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20
Q

Part of the Forebrain that are collections of neurons crucial to motor function; dysfunction can result in motor deficits.

A

Basal ganglia

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21
Q

Part of the Forebrain that is important to emotion, motivation, memory, and learning.

A

Limbic system

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22
Q

Organs included in the limbic system.

A

Hippocampus
Amygdala
Septum
Thalamus
Hypothalamus

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23
Q

Organ in the limbic system that is responsible for declarative memory, autobiographical memory, life experiences, memory formation, & spatial memory.

A

Hippocampus

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24
Q

A disease that produces loss of memory function.

A

Korsakoff ’s syndrome.

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25
Q

Organ in the limbic system that is an important role in emotion as well, especially in anger and aggression; perception of emotional stimuli; social cognition.

A

Amygdala

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26
Q

This is how we respond in a social environment.

A

Social cognition

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27
Q

Most important function of amygdala.

A

Perception of emotional stimuli

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28
Q

Organ in the limbic system that is involved in anger and fear.

A

Septum

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29
Q

Organ in the limbic system that relays incoming sensory information through groups of neurons
that project to the appropriate region in the cortex; acts as the switchboard; regulates sending of signals.

A

Thalamus

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30
Q

Organ in the limbic system that regulates behavior related to species survival; responsible for 4 Fs; consciousness, pressure, pain; stimulates pituitary gland.

A

Hypothalamus

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31
Q

What are the 4 Fs?

A

Fight
Flight
Feeding (appetite)
Fucking (mating)

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32
Q

Part of the Forebrain that is the outer layer of the cerebral hemispheres; plays a vital role in our thinking and other mental processes.

A

Cerebral cortex

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33
Q

In human beings, the many convolutions, or
creases, of the cerebral cortex include three elements:

A

Sulci
Fissures
Gyri

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34
Q

Small grooves

A

Sulci

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35
Q

Large grooves

A

Fissures

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36
Q

Bulges between adjacent sulci or fissures.

A

Gyri

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37
Q

2 types of cerebral cortex.

A

White matter
Gray matter

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38
Q

Interior cover of the cerebral cortex.

A

White matter

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39
Q

Grayish surface of the cerebral cortex.

A

Gray matter

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40
Q

2 parts of the cerebral hemisphere.

A

Left hemisphere
Right hemisphere

41
Q

A dense aggregate of neural fibers
connecting the two cerebral hemispheres.

A

Corpus callosum

42
Q

Hemisphere that is responsible for logic, mathematics, verbal reasoning, analytical thinking, and ordering.

A

Left hemisphere

43
Q

Hemisphere that is responsible for reading, writing, creative thinking, artistic abilities, feelings, visualization, imagination, inclusion, and rhythm.

A

Right hemisphere

44
Q

From one side to another.

A

Contralateral

45
Q

Transmission on the same side.

A

Ipsilateral

46
Q

2 types of transmission in the brain.

A

Contralateral
Ipsilateral

47
Q

Discovered left & right hemisphere; physiologist/neurocientist; studied aphasia.

A

Marc Dax

48
Q

Discovered Broca’s area; specialized in patients with stroke & aphasia.

A

Paul Broca

49
Q

Part of the brain that is speech-centered.

A

Broca’s area

50
Q

Discovered Wernicke’s area; German

A

Carl Wernicke

51
Q

Part of the brain that is for language comprehension.

A

Wernicke’s area

52
Q

First to conduct research about brain specialization; split brain surgery operation.

A

Rogers Sperry

53
Q

A condition where the body is acting like it’s separate.

A

Alien hands syndrome

54
Q

What’s the research topic was Rogers Sperry able to won a noble prize?

A

Brain specialization

55
Q

Loss of speech.

A

Aphasia

56
Q

Patients who have undergone an operation severing the corpus callosum.

A

Split-brain patients

57
Q

Disorders of skilled movements.

A

Apraxia

58
Q

4 lobes of the brain.

A

Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal

59
Q

Lobe toward the front of the brain; associated with motor processing and higher thought processes, such as abstract reasoning, problem solving, planning, and judgment.

A

Frontal lobe

60
Q

Region toward the front of the frontal lobe; involved in complex motor control and
tasks that require integration of information over time.

A

Prefrontal cortex

61
Q

Contained in the frontal lobe; specializes in the planning, control, and execution of movement, particularly of movement involving any kind
of delayed response.

A

Primary Motor Cortex

62
Q

Depict the body parts of a person mapped on the brain.

A

Homunculi

63
Q

Lobe at the upper back portion of the brain; associated with somatosensory processing.

A

Parietal lobe

64
Q

Receives information from the senses about pressure, texture, temperature, and pain; located right behind the frontal lobe’s primary motor cortex.

A

Primary somatosensory cortex

65
Q

Lobe that is located below the parietal lobe, directly under your temples; associated with auditory processing and comprehending language.

A

Temporal lobe

66
Q

Associated with visual processing; contains numerous visual areas, each specialized to analyze specific aspects of a scene, including color, motion, location, and form.

A

Occipital lobe

67
Q

Areas in the lobes in which sensory processing occurs.

A

Projection areas

68
Q

Individual neural cells transmit electrical signals from one location to another in the nervous system.

A

Neurons

69
Q

Basic parts of the neuron.

A

Soma
Dendrites
Axon
Myelin
Node of Ranvier
Terminal buttons
Synapse
Neurotransmitters

70
Q

Contains the nucleus of the cell; responsible for the life of the neuron and connects the dendrites to the axon.

A

Soma

71
Q

Branchlike structures that receive information from other neurons, and the soma integrates the information.

A

Dendrites

72
Q

Long, thin tube that extends (and sometimes splits) from the soma and responds to the
information, when appropriate, by transmitting an electrochemical signal.

A

Axon

73
Q

White, fatty substance that surrounds some of
the axons of the nervous system, which accounts for some of the whiteness of the white
matter of the brain.

A

Myelin

74
Q

Small gaps in the myelin coating along the axon, which increase conduction speed even more by helping to create electrical signals (action potentials).

A

Node of Ranvier

75
Q

Small knobs found at the ends of the branches of an axon that do not directly touch the dendrites of the next neuron.

A

Terminal buttons

76
Q

Serves as a juncture between the terminal buttons of one or more neurons and the dendrites (or sometimes the soma) of one or more other neurons.

A

Synapse

77
Q

Chemical messengers that transmit information across the synaptic gap to the receiving dendrites of the next neuron.

A

Neurotransmitters

78
Q

Transmitter that is associated with memory functions.

A

Acetylcholine

79
Q

Transmitter that is associated with attention, learning, and movement coordination.

A

Dopamine

80
Q

Transmitter that plays an important role in eating behavior and body-weight regulation.

A

Serotonin

81
Q

Areas where body tissue has been damaged.

A

Lesions

82
Q

Thin electrode is inserted next to a single neuron; changes in electrical activity in the cell are then recorded.

A

Single-cell recording/method

83
Q

Surgically removing or damaging part of the brain—to observe resulting functional deficits.

A

Lesioning

84
Q

Recordings of the electrical frequencies and intensities of the living brain, typically recorded over relatively long periods.

A

Electroencephalograms (EEGs)

85
Q

Record of a small change in the brain’s electrical activity in response to a stimulating event.

A

Event-related potential (ERP)

86
Q

Participants ingests a mildly radioactive form of oxygen that emits positrons as it is metabolized; changes in concentration of positrons in targeted areas of the brain are then measured.

A

Positron emission tomography (PET)

87
Q

Creates a magnetic field that induces
changes in the particles of oxygen
atoms; differences in the amounts of oxygen
consumed form the basis for fMRI
measurements.

A

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

88
Q

Involves placing a coil on a person’s head and then allowing an electrical current to pass through it; researcher can then look at cognitive functioning when the particular area is disrupted.

A

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

89
Q

Involves measuring brain activity through detection of magnetic fields by placing a device over the head.

A

Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

90
Q

Ultrasound measures the velocity of blood flow in the brain.

A

Functional transcranial Doppler sonography (fTCD)

91
Q

A sensor on the forehead measures blood flow in the prefrontal cortex and amount of oxygen in the blood.

A

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)

92
Q

Occur when the flow of blood to the brain undergoes a sudden disruption.

A

Stroke

93
Q

A brain disorder caused by a stroke.

A

Vascular disorder

94
Q

Usually occurs when a buildup of fatty tissue occurs in blood vessels over a period of years, and a piece of this tissue breaks off and gets lodged in arteries of the brain.

A

Ischemic stroke

95
Q

Occurs when a blood vessel in the brain suddenly breaks.

A

Hemorrhagic stroke

96
Q

Type of tumors that start in the brain; most
childhood brain tumors are of this type.

A

Primary brain tumors

97
Q

Type of tumors that start as tumors somewhere else in the body.

A

Secondary brain tumors

98
Q

Type of head injury where the skull remains intact, but there is damage to the brain, typically from the mechanical force of a blow to the head.

A

Closed-head injuries

99
Q

Type of head injury where the skull does not remain intact but rather is penetrated, for example, by a bullet.

A

Open-head injuries

Cognitive Psychology (11 decks)

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