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FMST210 > Quiz 4: Adolescent Learning Module > Flashcards

Quiz 4: Adolescent Learning Module Flashcards

1
Q

What ages are considered adolescent years?

A

ages 12 - 18

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1
Q

What is meant by adolescence being “invented” in the late 19th and early 20th centuries?

A

Children used to be considered adults as soon as they hit physical maturity and put right into the work force

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2
Q

When does physical development often stop?

A

At age 18

*but the brain continues to develop!

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3
Q

Children gain _____% of their adult body weight during adolescence

A

50%

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4
Q

Both sexes experience a rapid growth spurt in height and weight over _________ years. What is this caused by?

A

Rapid growth spurt over 2 - 3 years

Caused by simultaneous release of:
- growth hormones
- thyroid hormones
- androgens

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5
Q

When do girls and boys start their growth spurt on average?

A

Girls: growth spurt from 8 -13, adult height reached between 10 -16

Boys: much later growth spurt than girls, from 10 - 16, adult height reached at 13 - 17

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6
Q

What 2 things influence height and weight?

A

NATURE (genes) and NURTURE (nutrition, medications, etc)

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7
Q

Is risky behaviour a normal or abnormal part of adolescent development?

A

Normal!

It’s purpose is to get teens to acquire experience for complex decisions they must make as adults

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8
Q

Other than _________, adolescence sees the most changes physically

A

infancy

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9
Q

List some changes puberty includes

A
  • growth spurt in height
  • pubic and underarm hair
  • skin changes
  • breast development and mensuration (girls - due to estrogen)
  • facial hair and deep-end voice (boys - due to testosterone)
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10
Q

What body parts increase in size and capacity to allow more strength/tolerance for exercise

A

heart and lungs!

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11
Q

What 2 roles do hormones play?

A

Organizational Role
- priming body to behave in a certain way once puberty begins

Activation Role
- triggering certain behavioural and physical changes

*adrenal glands and sex glands mature due to hormonal activities

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12
Q

Where in the brain do hormone shifts occur?

A

In the pituitary gland, it sends hormonal agents into blood stream

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13
Q

Explain the 2 phases of puberty

A
  1. Adrenarche (6 - 8 yo) –> increased production of adrenal androgens
    - Ex. contributes to increased skeletal growth
  2. Gonadarche (occurs several years later) –> involves increased production of hormones for physical and sexual maturation
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14
Q

Differentiate between primary and secondary sex characteristics

A

primary = organs needed for reproduction

secondary = sexual materation that does not directly involve sex organs (breasts, deepend voice)

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15
Q

What are the first observable changes of puberty in girls?

A

pubic hair and nipple growth

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16
Q

What is menarche? When does it occur

A

menarche = first mensteral period

Occurs around 12 - 13 y/o, and is followed by continued development for 4 years

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17
Q

Before puberty, are there differences between boys and girls distribution of fat/muscle?

A

No - they are the same before puberty

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18
Q

What are the first places of physical growth in general for adolescence?

A

Extremities (head, hands, & feet)

(followed by arms/legs, and then torso/shoulders)

It’s a non-uniform growth –> occurs in stages

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19
Q

What is the average age to start puberty for boys and girls? Is this age increasing or decreasing over time?

A

Puberty starts on average at 10 - 11 y/o for girls
Puberty starts on average at 11 - 12 y/o for boys

*Puberty is happening sooner than it has in pervious generations –> decreased since the 19th century by 3-4 months/decade

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20
Q

Why is puberty happening earlier compared to other generations?

A

some factors could be better nutrition, obesity, and increased father absence

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21
Q

What are the core markers of the end of adolecense and the start of adulthood?

A
  • completion of formal education
  • financial independence
  • marriage
  • parenthood

*all of these transitions happen later than in the past

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22
Q

What has emerged from the prolonging of adolecense that is present in our society today?

A

it has introduced a new developmental period! –> 18 - 29 y/o

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23
Q

What are characteristics of early maturing boys?

A
  • often stronger, taller, and more athletic
  • more popular, confident, and independent
  • at higher risk for substance use and early sexual activity
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24
Q

Starting puberty _______ is challenging for girls, while for boys starting puberty ______ is challenging

A

EARLY

LATE

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25
Q

What are characteristics of early maturing girls?

A
  • teased, making them more self-conscious
  • increased risk of psychological problems (depression, substance use, early sexual behaviour)
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26
Q

What are characteristics of later maturing boys?

A
  • higher risk for depression and parental conflict
  • more likely to be bullied
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27
Q

Where do significant brain changes occur in the brain during adolesencts?

A

in the prefrontal cortex!

  • myelination and synaptic pruning increase in the prefrontal cortex
28
Q

What changes in the prefrontal cortex occur during adolecense?

A
  • improvements to efficiency in processing info
  • neural connections between prefrontal cortex and other regions are strengthened

**this growth takes time –> often uneven

29
Q

How much sleep should teens get?

A

9 - 10 hrs/night

Melatonin levels in blood naturally rise later at night and fall later in morning which is why it can be challenging to get up for school

30
Q

When does the brain reach it’s largest physical size for boys and girls?

A

girls = reaches full size at 11

boys = reaches full size at 14

31
Q

When does the brain finish developing?

A

Not until mid-late 20s

32
Q

What is one of the last brain regions to mature?

A

the prefrontal cortex (area for planning, prioritizing, and controlling impulses)

33
Q

What brain parts are part of the limbic system?

A
  • amygdala (emotions)
  • hypothalamus (hormones)
34
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

the brain part that connects hemispheres
(important for language)

35
Q

What are 2 general changes to the teen brain?

A
  • increase in mylienation –> faster communication between structures and info
  • increase in synaptic pruning –> “use it or loose it”
36
Q

How many Canadians have an eating disorder diagnosis?

A

1 million Canadians!

37
Q

Are people with eating disorders often diagnosed?

A

No

Problematic because the social and economic costs of an untreated eating disorder have big threats to physical and mental health effects similar to other mental health disorders like anxiety, depression and schizophrenia

38
Q

What’s the mental illness with the highest mortality rate?

A

eating disorders –> 10 - 15% mortality rate

39
Q

For females 15 - 24, the mortality rate of anorexia is _____x greater than ALL other causes of death combined

A

12

40
Q

How many young teens in Canada report dieting to loose weight?

A

12 - 30% of girls

9 - 25% of boys

41
Q

Do females or males have higher depression and anxiety rates?

A

Females have 2x higher anxiety rates and 1.3-3x higher depression rates

42
Q

Rates for specific ________ are low for children and adults but high for teens.

A

PHOBIAS (16% of teens struggle with phobias)

43
Q

What are main causes of depression?

A
  • genetics and early childhood experiences
  • puberty (can push girls esp. into depression)
44
Q

Define suicidal ideation

A

another term for suicidal thoughts

45
Q

Define parasuicide

A

a term used for a suicide attempt

46
Q

At what age is suicidal ideation most common?

A

At age 15

47
Q

During puberty, the rate of major depression __________ to _____%

A

IT DOUBLES to 11%

*effecting 1 in 5 girls and 1 in 10 boys

48
Q

What is Piaget’s stage for adolescence?

A

Formal Operational Stage!

49
Q

What changes occur in the formal operational stage?

A
  • changes in ability to think not only logically but about abstract concepts and meta-thought

*just bc your in adolescence or adulthood, it does not automatically mean your thinking formally, but your brain how has the capacity to do so!

50
Q

What specific improvements in thinking occur from the formal operational stage?

A
  • improvements in selective attention (being able to focus on one stimulus and tuning out others)
  • improvements in divided attention (ability to pay attention to 2+ stimuli simultaneously)
  • improvements to long-term and working memory
  • faster processing speed
  • Use of mnemonic devices to aid in remembering information faster
51
Q

What is meta-cognition?

A

Improves during adolescence

It’s the brain capacity to plan ahead, see future consequences of an action, and provide alternative explanations

52
Q

What is behavioural decision-making theory?

A
  • proposes that both adolescents and adults give different weigh to potential rewards and consequences of an action

*adolescents seem to give more importance to rewards, especially SOCIAL REWARDS, than adults

53
Q

What are the evolutionary benefits to adolescents taking risks?

A
  • without the willingness to take risks, teenagers may not have the confidence/motivation to do things later in life as adults such as moving out/leaving home
  • also having a group of ppl in society willing to take new risks/try new methods is important to even out the populations that are more conservative with risk taking
54
Q

What is relativistic thinking?

A

thinking that questions others assertion and less likely to blindly accept info as the absolute truth

adolescents engage in this type of thinking! –> they realize that many of the rules they were taught were relativistic –> leading to a period of questioning authority

55
Q

Rather than identity formation, what is a better way to describe this proccess?

A

identity DEVELOPMENT (because it is not fully formed right away)

56
Q

What is self-concept?

A

the ability to have opinions that are defined confidently, consistently, and with stability

*crucial to identity formation

57
Q

What is Erikson’s stage for adolescence?

A

Identity VS Role Confusion

Main Qs:
“Who am I” & “Who do I want to be”

58
Q

Differentiate between identity formation and role confusion

A

identity formation = primary indicator of successful development in adolescence

role confusion = indicator of not meeting the task of adolescence

59
Q

How can role confusion be overcome?

A

with Identity Achievement –> where adolescents reconsider the goals and values of their parents and culture

60
Q

What are 3 milestones of gender that CAN occur during adolescence?

A
  1. identity recognition
  2. coming out
  3. transitioning
61
Q

Youth are socialized gender from a young age through the lens of _________ and ______________

A

heteronormativity & cisnormativity

62
Q

How common is it for adolescents to have conflicts with parents?

A

Not as common as it’s portrayed to be

Only small numbers of adolescents have conflicts with their parents and most conflicts are minor

Most teens report positive feelings towards parents

63
Q

What did a study reveal most conflicts with parents and teens to be about?

A

occurred with day-to-day issues

such as homework, curfews, chores, etc.

64
Q

What advice did children in the video give to parents?

A
  • communicate with children when noticing changes
  • take interest in their lives and be very involved
  • don’t overly repeat lectures on safety, etc.
  • talk to them about serious things in a casual setting (playing a game, driving in the car, etc.)
  • try to read body language cues
65
Q

What did the video about peer influence on teens reveal?

A
  • young adolescents proneness to dangerous risks are heavily influenced by PEERS
  • Gave the example of the driving game study, where teens took way more violent choices on the game when their friends were around
  • **Young adolescents aged 12 -14 are the most influenced by peers, where other groups are more likely to be influenced by adults
66
Q

______-sex peer groups from childhood often expand into _______-sex peer groups in adolescence

A

same-sex —-> mixed-sex

*romantic relationships can often form in the context of mixed-sex peer groups

67
Q

Positive and negative emotions are most tied to what type of relationship for adolescents?

A

ROMANTIC relationships

Effect emotions more than friendships, family, and school

FMST210 (8 decks)

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