Quiz 3: Middle Childhood Learning Module Flashcards
What ages are considered middle childhood?
6 - 12 years old
Are growth patterns slower or faster than early childhood? What about adolecense?
SLOWER for BOTH early childhood and adolecense
*due to improvement in motor and fine motor skills
How much do children in MC gain in weight and grow in height per year?
Gain 2-3kg/year
Grow 5cm/year
Does prepubescent growth spurts happen earlier in boys or girls?
Earlier in GIRLS
Occurs around 9-10 y/o for girls and 11-12y/o for boys
*GIRLS ARE TALLER THAN BOYS AT THE END OF MIDDLE CHILDHOOD
What percentage of 5-17 y/o are overweight or obese in Canada?
30%
This number is increasing in MC due to more sedentary activities (TV, video games, etc.) and the type of food that is given to kids
At what age does the brain reach adult SIZE?
at age 7
What positive connections appear with increased sports participation of children?
- higher satisfaction with family and overall quality of life
- improved physical and emotional development
- better academic performance
What 3 factors can limit opportunities for sports engagement?
gender, poverty, and disability
*girls are more likely than boys to have never participated in an organized sport
________________ is a key component to introducing children to sports
PE in school
What’s something that can often lead children to be tired of their sport and want to quit?
When there is too much COMPETITION and pressure on their athletic skills
What stage of Piaget’s is associated with middle childhood?
concrete operational stage
*concrete = tangible
According to Piaget how do children solve problems?
children use LOGIC to solve problems with their DIRECT EXPERIENCES
*can understand cause and effect principles, size. & distance
*CANNOT understand hypothetical/abstract problems
What is classification?
New ways of arranging, categorizing, or creating classes of information
Piaget thought classification had a hierarchical structure that went from broad –> specific items
What is identity?
an aspect of Piaget’s concrete operational stage where objects have an “identity” or qualities that do not change even if the object is altered somehow
Ex.
- The mass of object does not change even when you change it’s shape
- The amount of water in a glass stays the same when transfered to another glass
What is reversibility?
an aspect of Piaget’s concrete operational stage where things that have been changed can or cannot be returned to their original state
Ex. water can freeze and thaw into liquid again OR math operations are reversible
What is reciprocity?
an aspect of Piaget’s concrete operational stage where changing one quality (height) can be compensated for by changes in another quality (width)
Ex. the change in the height of the water when transfered to another glass can be explained by the new width of the glass
What is information processing theory?
a theory of memory that compares the mind to computer storing, processing and retrieving info
What does information processing theory claim the 3 levels of memory are?
- Sensory
- Working (short-term)
- Knowledge-based (long-term)
Describe sensory memory
memory that is lost after a few seconds if filtered out as irrelevant
If not stored, it’s discarded very quickly
Describe working memory
info we are consciously aware of
limited amount of storage at any given time –> usually around 7 pieces/chunks of info (+ or - 2)
Rehearsal can help maintain info in working memory
Describe knowledge memory (long-term)
memory with unlimited capacity and can store info for days, months, years, etc.
*during middle childhood, children often learn to remember due to an improvement in how they attend to and recall stored info
What does metacognition refer to?
Refers to the brain function that describes best ways to solve a problem
*Children in MC are able to pick out important parts of a problem (unlike early childhood) and are more realistic of their abilities and what they’re capable of
There are often little resources to support children…
- who are accelerated learners
- with learning/other disabilities
Evaluation and diagnosis is usually the _______ step in helping children who need support but this can cause ____________
FIRST
LABELLING (result in negative social effects)
How many vocab words do 5th graders know? What is this due to?
40,000 (due to fast-mapping & deeper understanding of words)
*with a rate of 20 WORDS/DAY!
(way higher rate than early childhood)
What is arguably the best time to earn a 2nd language?
In middle childhood –> also good to learn in EC, but MC allows children to better grasp the grammer rules
How do children demonstrate a growing complexity of vocab?
Shown through the ability of middle childhood children to TELL JOKES
1 in ________ children/youth are diagnosed with ASD in Canda
1 in 66
What is ASD?
disorder that impacts brain development
- causes communication problems, difficulty with social interaction, and tendency to repeat behaviour patterns
- many with ASD experience phases where they have a very restricted range of activities/interests they will do/like
How many more times are boys more likely than girls to be diagnosed with ASD?
4 -5x more
What is the most common learning disability?
dyslexia
*of all students with a learning disability, 70 - 80% experience reading challenges
What is dyslexia?
disability rooted in neruodiversity involving parts of the brain active in recognizing letters, verbally responding, and manipulating sounds
What is dyscalculia?
a math-related disability that includes challenges with math concepts, memorizing math facts, organizing #s, understanding how math problems are organized, etc.
*people with dyscalculia often referred to as having difficulties relating to “number sense”
What is dysgraphia?
OVERARCHING term for all disorders of written expression/writing-related challenges
This includes grammar, punctuation, paragraph organization, spelling errors, challenges with penmanship, etc.
What is ADHD?
a disability where people have a hard time tuning things out/too much info to process
*often thought to have a deficit of attention –> WHEN REALLY –> they are trying to pay attention to too many things at once (ex. challenges in school environments)
Recent research finds what specific brain structures to be associated with ADHD?
prefrontal cortex and frontal lobe
How does the importance of friendships change from EC –> MC?
They take on the role of judges of self-worth for children in MC
Being rejected from friends, no matter how loving the parent is, can usually only be resolved by renewed acceptance from friends
Overall transition from just family life –> life with peers
What are the 3 stages of friendships?
- Reward-Cost
(focus on mutual activities) - Normative Expectation
(focus on conventional morality = the emphasis that a friend is someone who is kind and shares with you) - Empathy & Understanding
(friends are loyal, committed, and share confidential info –> starting in 5th grade, sharing secrets and keeping them is viewed as crucial in friendships)
How does Canadian government officially define bullying?
“willful, repeated aggressive behaviour with negative intent used by a child to maintain power over another child”
Differentiate between physical, social, and cyber bullying
Physical = hurting one’s body or possessions
Social (relational) = spreading rumours, purposeful exclusion, embarrassing someone
Cyber = text messages. fake profiles, posting embarrassing pictures, rumours online
What is one of the most widely recognized developmental tasks in middle childhood?
acquiring feelings of SELF-COMPETENCE
What is perspective taking?
the ability that forms in MC to see a situation from another persons perspective
What is Erikson’s stage for MC?
Industry vs Inferiority
Industry = if children view themselves as successful, they gain a sense of competence (industry)
(critical for forming the next stage of identity)
Inferiority = if children feel less than peers, self-doubt develops and can lead to inferiority complex in adulthood
(children with learning disabilities are more at risk for inferiority)
A combo of _________ + ____________ = ideal sense of industry in a child
- Competence
- Modesty (formed through failure)
How can learning disabilities effect competency?
academically AND socially (more effort to pick up on social cues)
Competency can sometimes be taken to an extreme for some children leading to ______________
perfectionism
(often accompanied with constant anxiety)
What are the 3 stages of moral development?
- Pre-Conventional: self-centered approach, most superficial understanding
(HD - focuses what would PHYSICALLY happen to the man) - Conventional: approach based on what others think/gain approval from others but comply with law
(HD - focus on what people would think of the man) - Post-Conventional: focus beyond the self, based on concern for others or for ethical (over legal) standards
(HD - focus on the ethical thing the man should do - save his wife)
*Kohlberg suggested that there could be additional stages/transitions to each stage
What did Carol Gilligan argue?
She was one of Kolhberg’s research assistants that felt Kolhberg’s theory was biased against women and she suggested there should be a different measure specifically for women’s moral development
*Kolhberg thought that women were often categorized to be in “lower” stages than man due to their compassionate orientation
