quiz 4 Flashcards
Tobacco is the leading cause of?
leading cause of preventable deaths
history of tobacco - columbus
used by the natives and a gift to Columbus in 1942
tobacco origin
derived from the leaves of the genus Nicotiana, a plant from the night-shade family, indigenous to North and South America
Jean Nicot - early medical uses
initially promoted as a treatment for almost everything
Dr. D Legare and his experiment
he proved the ineffectiveness of an old folk remedy
that blowing tobacco smoke into the intestinal canal does not resuscitate drowned animals or people
spread of tobacco cultivation
spread west and north into frontier areas where planters paid less attention to the quality of the leaf
two main types of tobacco
- chewing tobacco - comes in a form of loose leaf, plug or twist
- snuff - finely ground tobacco
during the 19th century, nearly all tobacco produced and used in the US was?
chewing tobacco
true or false: during the 19th century, nearly all tobacco use in the US was chewing tobacco.
true
true or false: smoking did not surpass chewing until the 1920s
true
what lead to the rise of cigarette popularity
Native Americans used thin reeds filled with tobacco
- factories appeared in the 19th century
- habit spread widely with the advent of inexpensive
cigars
a combination of chewing and smoking
-peak popularity in 1920s
turkish tobacco, king size, and filter cigarettes
1913: camels that had a hint of Turkish tobacco
1939: king size cigarettes
1954: filter cigarettes
- users preferred cigarettes with Turkish tobacco
tobacco regulation efforts
1908: new york made it legal for women to use tobacco in public over concern for women’s health and morals
1930s and 40s- reports indicated a possible link between smoking and cancer
1952 - reader’s digest article: “cancer by the carton” - links together smoking and cancer use
British Doctor’s study
concerns about smoking health risks (despite tobacco companies’ attempts to link them with health and vitality
- found that smoking to later age leads to greater losses of years of life
“Cancer by the carton”
links together smoking and cancer use
what are filtered cigarettes?
what are low tar cigarettes?
filtered cigarettes: intended to reduce harm caused by smoking by reducing harmful chemicals inhaled by smokers
low tar cigarettes: a type of cigarette that claimed to give off less tobacco tar than regular cigarette when smoked
Helena ban - what happened?
in helen MA, a ban on public smoking was put into place and then overturned 3 months later
Surgeon generals report
reported that smoking causes lung cancer in men
- caused tobacco sales to decline
tobacco sales began to decline because of
lead to warning labels on cigarette packages, tv and radio ads banned, smoking banned on interstate buses and flights, FDA proposes to further regulate tobacco
lawsuits and changing legal climate
lawsuits were seeking compensation for the health consequences of smoking
- the revelation of tobacco companies action in hiding information on the adverse effects of smoking
what did the tobacco companies do that made them liable for tobacco damages
they hid information on the adverse effects of smoking
1997 settlement
settlement between the states and the major tobacco companies for hiding information
problem with lower nicotine cigarettes
people use more to get a greater fix
lower tar cigarettes
A type of cigarette that is claimed to give off less tobacco tar than a regular cigarette when smoked
- people were smoking double to get their nicotine fix
trends in use in recent history - who is least affected?
least used in high SES groups
current cigarette use
graduates from college - 12%
high school education - 31%
8th graders planning completing college = 2%
8th graders that arent playing on completing a degree - 6.3%
smokeless tobacco use
use increased in the 1970 as smokers looked for a method of tobacco use with a lower risk of lung cancer
“benefits:” compared with cigarettes
less expensive
easier to use outdoors
more socially acceptable in some circumstances
less likely to cause lung cancer
cancer - what causes it and why is it so hard to fight
growth inhibition factors in DNA prevent unrestrained growth of bodily tissue but DNA damage removes these factors and cells grow out of control
hard to fight = because it a result of your own tissues so harder for your immune system to recognize
coronary arteries supply heart with
blood
atherosclerosis and plaques
plaque buildup (cholesterol and blood platelets and other materials build up inside the blood vessels damaged by high blood pressure (atherosclerosis)
nicotine - two deleterious effects on heart
- increases blood pressure which damages the blood vessels
- causes blood platelets to clot more easily
smoking accounts for ____ of risk of CVD
35%
chronic obstructive lung disease, including emphysema
breaking down of alveoli in lungs
single greatest avoidable cause of death
smoking
passive smoking
nonsmokers inhaling cigarette smoke from the environment
-second handsmoke
sidestream smoke and mainstream smoke
second hand smoke and mainstream is actually smoking
Heath effects of passive smoking
lung cancer, CVD, less oxygen so the heart has to work harder
smoking and pregnancy and child development
increased risk of miscarriage, low birth weight, and SIDS
nicotine
naturally occurring liquid alkaloid: colorless and volatile
absorption and metabolism of nicotine
90% of inhaled nicotine is absorbed
80-90% deactivated in the liver and excreted via kidneys
what is responsible for nicotine deactivation?
liver enzymes
dependence and tolerance of nicotine
developed quickly
how does nicotine effect acetylcholine
- Acts on acetylcholine receptors in the peripheral nervous system = leads to increased sympathetic nervous system activity (increased heart rare and blood pressure)
- Causes serotonin of catecholamines like epinephrine from adrenal glands
physiological effects of nicotine
first, stimulate and then block cholinergic receptor sites
releases norepinephrine
CNS and circulatory system effects of nicotine
increase heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen needed in the heart, electrical activity in the cortex and decreases hunger, and oxygen carrying ability
nicotine: behavioral effects
reinforces substances in tobacco
- has both stimulant and calming effects
- smoking and depression seem to be linked
true or false: nicotine is the primary reinforcing substance in tobacco?
true
smoking and depression
they are linked because nicotine stimulates the release of dopamine in the brain when smoked
people with depression are low on dopamine
dependence on tobacco
social modeling
- deliberate attempts to link smoking with pleasurable things
social modeling
social modeling - watching others do it
who is more likely to smoke
more likely among rebellious kids, those who start early, those who feel less in control of their future, those less competent, who perceive lack of social support
relapse rate?
70-80%
smoking cessation
nicotine replacement - lozenges, nicotine gum, transdermal patches and nicotine inhalers
nicotine replacement
lozenges, gum, transdermal patches and nicotine inhalers
nicotine patches and inhalers
patch: 2x more likely to successfully quit
inhalers: 2-4 times more likely to engage in familiar habits
zyban
antidepressant that aids in both depression and decreases relapse
aversion therapy
satiation/rapid smoking, as well as pairing with shocks and nausea, has been used rarely
abstinence violation effect
the tendency to treat mild relapse as a major failure and give up the treatment program
prevention for kids (tobacco and nicotine use)
modeling how to say no
scaring them doesn’t help much
finding an anti-drug - sports, hobbies, crafts
enjoy life and find purpose without smoking
beneficial effects of nicotine
- primary reinforcing effects of tobacco
- has both stimulant and calming effects
- smoking and depression linked
caffeine
most widely used drug and can cause dependence ‘
- average intake is 200-250mg
caffeine history
most widely used psychoactive drug and can cause dependence
three plants containing xanthines
coffee, tea, cacao
yerba mate and guarana too
coffee origins
originated in Arabia and has suggested medical uses
- spread throughout the Muslim world and was later introduced to Europe
caffeine introduction to Europe
coffee spread throughout the Muslim world and was later introduced to Europe
england 1674: “the women’s petition against coffee”
argued against the use of coffee because it made men impotent
coffeehouses - cultural signifcance
a location to relax, learn the news of the day, seal bargains, and listen and learn from literary and political figures
coffee and the American revolution, prohibition
coffee use increased because tea was unfairly taxed and because of prohibition
per capita US coffee consumption
where does the caffeine from decaf coffee go to?
caffeine removed from decaf coffee in used to make soft drinks
coffee: preparation
originally people chewed on coffee beans or put raw beans in hot water
roasting and vacuum packing
roasting = increases flavor, aroma, and color
vacuum packing - manufacturers remove the air from the coffee bag to protect the coffee’s flavor and aroma
where does American coffee get imported from?
1/2 of American coffee from Latin America - 1/2 from Vietnam, Indonesia and Thailand
blended instant coffee
price and quality of coffee
decaffeinated coffee
soaking unroasted beans in an organic solvent - removes caffeine
swiss processes of coffee
removes more coffee flavor but no solvent
coffee varieties
brewed, drip
instant
espresso
cappuccino
coffee and caffeine
brewed, drip = 115 mg caffeine
instant = 65 mg caffeine
espresso - 90 mg caffeine
cappuccino - 90 mg caffeine
Tea: history
originated in china
AD 350: chinese manuscript describes many medical uses
AD 780 non medical cultivation and use of tea
English East India company
first imported primarily spices by later expanded its imports of tea from China
- they didn’t have to pay the tax because of rules laid by the crown so it made the people very angry the result was the Boston tea party
Tea and the American revolution
anger over a tax on tea that they had not helped formulate
- legal tea sales dropped due to a boycott
- illegal smuggling of tea increased
tea leaves - preparation
dried, rolled to crush the cells in the leaves, placed in a cool, damp place for fermentation
tea varieties - black, green, oolong
black - fully oxidized leaves
green tea - no oxidized leaves
oolong tea - greenish brown and consists of partially oxidized leaves
what do Americans primarily drink?
tea
herbal teas
contains mix of plant leaves and flowers
which has more caffeine? a pound of tea or coffee?
tea has more caffeine
which has more caffeine? A cup of tea or a cup of coffee
1 pound of tea leaves = 200 cups of tea
1 pound of coffee = 50-60 cups of coffee
theophylline is medically used for?
to treat symptoms of asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, and other lung diseases
annual per capita tea consumption - US vs UK
70% of tea that comes to America from where?
oolong tea
chocolate and aztec culture
Aztecs cultivated cacao widely, cacao bean was an important part of the economy /culture
chocolate: history
1828 - A dutch patent was issued for a process that removed about 2/3 of the fat and produces a powder
1876 - milk chocolate was introduced by the swiss and formed into bars
chocolate drinking spread slowly in Europe - why?
original form of chocolate
cocoa butter and powder
chocolate: processing
chocolate contains what unique xanthine?
theobromine
caffeine in Cocoa
average cup of cocoa contains about 4 mg of caffeine
U.S per captial soft drink consumption is about 50 gallons per year
mechanism of action for caffeine
xanthine’s block receptors for adenosine, thereby having a stimulant effect
caffeine, theophyline, theobromine
theophyline = found in tea
theobromine = found in chocolate
peak levels of caffeine is felt when?
usually felt within 30-60 mins
half life of caffeine
5 hours
dependence of caffeine
people who abruptly stop drinking Caffeine after prolonged use will start to suffer from withdrawal symptoms and experience
reinforcing properties of caffeine
offsets the effect of fatigue
may not improve performance if well rested
high caffeine consumption correlates with lower academic performance
withdrawal symptoms of caffeine
Headaches, irritability, low energy, and mood changes
physiological effects of caffeine
stimulates the CNS and skeletal muscles
-causes sleep disturbances
- elevates mood
- constricts blood vessels in the brain (but opens them near the muscles/lungs)
how does caffeine treat headaches
because it constricts the blood vessels in the brain but opens them near the muscles/lungs
caffeine in fatigued and well rested
will affect those who are fatigued more than those well rested
high caffeine consumption among college students is associated with?
lower academic performance
hyperactivity and caffeine
caffeine and BAC
caffeine does not reduce BAC
is moderate consumption dangerous
no
reproductive effects of caffeine
high consumption of caffeine decreases women’s chances of becoming pregnant, decreases growth of the fetus
high intake of caffeine may increase the risk of?
heart attack, particularly in people with other risk factors
causes for concern in caffeine
reproductive effects and heart disease
caffeinism
excessive use of caffeine
toxicity is relatively low in
caffeine
unpleasant symptoms of caffeine
nervousness, irritability, tremors, muscle twitching, insomnia, palpitations, heart arrhythmias, gastrointestinal disturbances
opioids
pain relievers
cultivation of opium - raw opium
Papaver somniferum - seeds, cuts, resin collected
egyptian, greek, arabic, european historical use for opiods
Egyptian - papyrus used for specific medical uses
Greece - greek medicines - also available in candies
Arabic - opium is used a social drug because of the Islamic prohibitions against alcohol
the opium war
1729: opium smoking was outlawed in China, but smuggling was widespread
-The English East India Company was involved in the opium trade, legally in India and illegally in China
- Pressure grew and eventually, war broke out between the British and Chinese
morphine, codeine and thebaine
hypodermic syringe and civil war - dysentery
1853 - hypodermic syringe allowed delivery of morphine directly into the blood
widespread use during civil war provided relief from pain and dysentery
why is heroin more potent than morphine?
increased lipid solubility of the heroin molecule
3 types of opioid dependence in the 19th century
- oral intake increased
- opium smoking increased after 1850, Chinese laborers arrived in the US
- injection of morphine - the most dangerous form of use
ubiquity of opioids
effect of harrison act
made it too hard for opioids to obtain
- results: changes in the pattern of opioid use
- oral use declined - primary remaining users injected morphine or heroin
use of opioids between WWI and WW2
use limited to “lower class” social groups
opioid interdiction effects
the view changed from minor weakness/self-indulgence to dangerous, dirty immoral habit
the Taliban and opium cultivation
Suppressed harvest in Afghanistan by the Taliban – US agrees with this because US wants control over heroin but after 9/11 Taliban wasn’t in power so there was an enormous harvest and increased shipments in US
sources of heroin
most came from “french connection”: heroin grown in Turkey, converted to heroin in southern france and imported into the US
prescription opioids
opioid pharmacology
raw opium (10% of morphine by weight) - least potent
what are methadone and LAAM used for?
reduce dependence on heroin when given continuously under supervised dosing conditions
oxycodone and oxycontin
fentanyl
The synthetic lab produced opioid
- more potent than heroin and morphine
- errors in measurement lead to overdose and death
opioid antagonists
- block the affect of opoids
- Opioid antagonists help treat opioid overdose, opioid use disorder, alcohol use disorder and opioid-induced constipation.
1960s- heroin use by troops in Vietnam - what were expectations of returning users and what was the reality?
they thought they would continue to use but instead they stopped when they got home
