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integrative seminar > quiz 4 > Flashcards

quiz 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Tobacco is the leading cause of?

A

leading cause of preventable deaths

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2
Q

history of tobacco - columbus

A

used by the natives and a gift to Columbus in 1942

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3
Q

tobacco origin

A

derived from the leaves of the genus Nicotiana, a plant from the night-shade family, indigenous to North and South America

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4
Q

Jean Nicot - early medical uses

A

initially promoted as a treatment for almost everything

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5
Q

Dr. D Legare and his experiment

A

he proved the ineffectiveness of an old folk remedy

that blowing tobacco smoke into the intestinal canal does not resuscitate drowned animals or people

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6
Q

spread of tobacco cultivation

A

spread west and north into frontier areas where planters paid less attention to the quality of the leaf

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7
Q

two main types of tobacco

A
  1. chewing tobacco - comes in a form of loose leaf, plug or twist
  2. snuff - finely ground tobacco
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8
Q

during the 19th century, nearly all tobacco produced and used in the US was?

A

chewing tobacco

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9
Q

true or false: during the 19th century, nearly all tobacco use in the US was chewing tobacco.

A

true

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10
Q

true or false: smoking did not surpass chewing until the 1920s

A

true

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11
Q

what lead to the rise of cigarette popularity

A

Native Americans used thin reeds filled with tobacco
- factories appeared in the 19th century
- habit spread widely with the advent of inexpensive

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12
Q

cigars

A

a combination of chewing and smoking
-peak popularity in 1920s

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13
Q

turkish tobacco, king size, and filter cigarettes

A

1913: camels that had a hint of Turkish tobacco
1939: king size cigarettes
1954: filter cigarettes

  • users preferred cigarettes with Turkish tobacco
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14
Q

tobacco regulation efforts

A

1908: new york made it legal for women to use tobacco in public over concern for women’s health and morals
1930s and 40s- reports indicated a possible link between smoking and cancer
1952 - reader’s digest article: “cancer by the carton” - links together smoking and cancer use

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15
Q

British Doctor’s study

A

concerns about smoking health risks (despite tobacco companies’ attempts to link them with health and vitality

  • found that smoking to later age leads to greater losses of years of life
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16
Q

“Cancer by the carton”

A

links together smoking and cancer use

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17
Q

what are filtered cigarettes?
what are low tar cigarettes?

A

filtered cigarettes: intended to reduce harm caused by smoking by reducing harmful chemicals inhaled by smokers
low tar cigarettes: a type of cigarette that claimed to give off less tobacco tar than regular cigarette when smoked

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18
Q

Helena ban - what happened?

A

in helen MA, a ban on public smoking was put into place and then overturned 3 months later

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19
Q

Surgeon generals report

A

reported that smoking causes lung cancer in men
- caused tobacco sales to decline

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20
Q

tobacco sales began to decline because of

A

lead to warning labels on cigarette packages, tv and radio ads banned, smoking banned on interstate buses and flights, FDA proposes to further regulate tobacco

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21
Q

lawsuits and changing legal climate

A

lawsuits were seeking compensation for the health consequences of smoking
- the revelation of tobacco companies action in hiding information on the adverse effects of smoking

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22
Q

what did the tobacco companies do that made them liable for tobacco damages

A

they hid information on the adverse effects of smoking

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23
Q

1997 settlement

A

settlement between the states and the major tobacco companies for hiding information

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24
Q

problem with lower nicotine cigarettes

A

people use more to get a greater fix

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25
Q

lower tar cigarettes

A

A type of cigarette that is claimed to give off less tobacco tar than a regular cigarette when smoked
- people were smoking double to get their nicotine fix

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26
Q

trends in use in recent history - who is least affected?

A

least used in high SES groups

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27
Q

current cigarette use

A

graduates from college - 12%
high school education - 31%
8th graders planning completing college = 2%
8th graders that arent playing on completing a degree - 6.3%

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28
Q

smokeless tobacco use

A

use increased in the 1970 as smokers looked for a method of tobacco use with a lower risk of lung cancer

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29
Q

“benefits:” compared with cigarettes

A

less expensive
easier to use outdoors
more socially acceptable in some circumstances
less likely to cause lung cancer

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30
Q

cancer - what causes it and why is it so hard to fight

A

growth inhibition factors in DNA prevent unrestrained growth of bodily tissue but DNA damage removes these factors and cells grow out of control

hard to fight = because it a result of your own tissues so harder for your immune system to recognize

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31
Q

coronary arteries supply heart with

A

blood

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32
Q

atherosclerosis and plaques

A

plaque buildup (cholesterol and blood platelets and other materials build up inside the blood vessels damaged by high blood pressure (atherosclerosis)

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33
Q

nicotine - two deleterious effects on heart

A
  1. increases blood pressure which damages the blood vessels
  2. causes blood platelets to clot more easily
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34
Q

smoking accounts for ____ of risk of CVD

A

35%

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35
Q

chronic obstructive lung disease, including emphysema

A

breaking down of alveoli in lungs

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36
Q

single greatest avoidable cause of death

A

smoking

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37
Q

passive smoking

A

nonsmokers inhaling cigarette smoke from the environment
-second handsmoke

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38
Q

sidestream smoke and mainstream smoke

A

second hand smoke and mainstream is actually smoking

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39
Q

Heath effects of passive smoking

A

lung cancer, CVD, less oxygen so the heart has to work harder

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40
Q

smoking and pregnancy and child development

A

increased risk of miscarriage, low birth weight, and SIDS

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41
Q

nicotine

A

naturally occurring liquid alkaloid: colorless and volatile

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42
Q

absorption and metabolism of nicotine

A

90% of inhaled nicotine is absorbed
80-90% deactivated in the liver and excreted via kidneys

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43
Q

what is responsible for nicotine deactivation?

A

liver enzymes

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44
Q

dependence and tolerance of nicotine

A

developed quickly

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45
Q

how does nicotine effect acetylcholine

A
  • Acts on acetylcholine receptors in the peripheral nervous system = leads to increased sympathetic nervous system activity (increased heart rare and blood pressure)
  • Causes serotonin of catecholamines like epinephrine from adrenal glands
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46
Q

physiological effects of nicotine

A

first, stimulate and then block cholinergic receptor sites
releases norepinephrine

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47
Q

CNS and circulatory system effects of nicotine

A

increase heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen needed in the heart, electrical activity in the cortex and decreases hunger, and oxygen carrying ability

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48
Q

nicotine: behavioral effects

A

reinforces substances in tobacco
- has both stimulant and calming effects
- smoking and depression seem to be linked

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49
Q

true or false: nicotine is the primary reinforcing substance in tobacco?

A

true

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50
Q

smoking and depression

A

they are linked because nicotine stimulates the release of dopamine in the brain when smoked
people with depression are low on dopamine

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51
Q

dependence on tobacco

A

social modeling
- deliberate attempts to link smoking with pleasurable things

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52
Q

social modeling

A

social modeling - watching others do it

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53
Q

who is more likely to smoke

A

more likely among rebellious kids, those who start early, those who feel less in control of their future, those less competent, who perceive lack of social support

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54
Q

relapse rate?

A

70-80%

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55
Q

smoking cessation

A

nicotine replacement - lozenges, nicotine gum, transdermal patches and nicotine inhalers

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56
Q

nicotine replacement

A

lozenges, gum, transdermal patches and nicotine inhalers

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57
Q

nicotine patches and inhalers

A

patch: 2x more likely to successfully quit
inhalers: 2-4 times more likely to engage in familiar habits

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58
Q

zyban

A

antidepressant that aids in both depression and decreases relapse

59
Q

aversion therapy

A

satiation/rapid smoking, as well as pairing with shocks and nausea, has been used rarely

60
Q

abstinence violation effect

A

the tendency to treat mild relapse as a major failure and give up the treatment program

61
Q

prevention for kids (tobacco and nicotine use)

A

modeling how to say no
scaring them doesn’t help much
finding an anti-drug - sports, hobbies, crafts
enjoy life and find purpose without smoking

62
Q

beneficial effects of nicotine

A
  • primary reinforcing effects of tobacco
  • has both stimulant and calming effects
  • smoking and depression linked
63
Q

caffeine

A

most widely used drug and can cause dependence ‘
- average intake is 200-250mg

64
Q

caffeine history

A

most widely used psychoactive drug and can cause dependence

65
Q

three plants containing xanthines

A

coffee, tea, cacao

yerba mate and guarana too

66
Q

coffee origins

A

originated in Arabia and has suggested medical uses
- spread throughout the Muslim world and was later introduced to Europe

67
Q

caffeine introduction to Europe

A

coffee spread throughout the Muslim world and was later introduced to Europe

68
Q

england 1674: “the women’s petition against coffee”

A

argued against the use of coffee because it made men impotent

69
Q

coffeehouses - cultural signifcance

A

a location to relax, learn the news of the day, seal bargains, and listen and learn from literary and political figures

70
Q

coffee and the American revolution, prohibition

A

coffee use increased because tea was unfairly taxed and because of prohibition

71
Q

per capita US coffee consumption

A
72
Q

where does the caffeine from decaf coffee go to?

A

caffeine removed from decaf coffee in used to make soft drinks

73
Q

coffee: preparation

A

originally people chewed on coffee beans or put raw beans in hot water

74
Q

roasting and vacuum packing

A

roasting = increases flavor, aroma, and color

vacuum packing - manufacturers remove the air from the coffee bag to protect the coffee’s flavor and aroma

75
Q

where does American coffee get imported from?

A

1/2 of American coffee from Latin America - 1/2 from Vietnam, Indonesia and Thailand

76
Q

blended instant coffee

A
77
Q

price and quality of coffee

A
78
Q

decaffeinated coffee

A

soaking unroasted beans in an organic solvent - removes caffeine

79
Q

swiss processes of coffee

A

removes more coffee flavor but no solvent

80
Q

coffee varieties

A

brewed, drip
instant
espresso
cappuccino

81
Q

coffee and caffeine

A

brewed, drip = 115 mg caffeine
instant = 65 mg caffeine
espresso - 90 mg caffeine
cappuccino - 90 mg caffeine

82
Q

Tea: history

A

originated in china
AD 350: chinese manuscript describes many medical uses
AD 780 non medical cultivation and use of tea

83
Q

English East India company

A

first imported primarily spices by later expanded its imports of tea from China
- they didn’t have to pay the tax because of rules laid by the crown so it made the people very angry the result was the Boston tea party

84
Q

Tea and the American revolution

A

anger over a tax on tea that they had not helped formulate
- legal tea sales dropped due to a boycott
- illegal smuggling of tea increased

85
Q

tea leaves - preparation

A

dried, rolled to crush the cells in the leaves, placed in a cool, damp place for fermentation

86
Q

tea varieties - black, green, oolong

A

black - fully oxidized leaves
green tea - no oxidized leaves
oolong tea - greenish brown and consists of partially oxidized leaves

87
Q

what do Americans primarily drink?

A

tea

88
Q

herbal teas

A

contains mix of plant leaves and flowers

89
Q

which has more caffeine? a pound of tea or coffee?

A

tea has more caffeine

90
Q

which has more caffeine? A cup of tea or a cup of coffee

A

1 pound of tea leaves = 200 cups of tea
1 pound of coffee = 50-60 cups of coffee

91
Q

theophylline is medically used for?

A

to treat symptoms of asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, and other lung diseases

92
Q

annual per capita tea consumption - US vs UK

A
93
Q

70% of tea that comes to America from where?

A

oolong tea

94
Q

chocolate and aztec culture

A

Aztecs cultivated cacao widely, cacao bean was an important part of the economy /culture

95
Q

chocolate: history

A

1828 - A dutch patent was issued for a process that removed about 2/3 of the fat and produces a powder
1876 - milk chocolate was introduced by the swiss and formed into bars

96
Q

chocolate drinking spread slowly in Europe - why?

A
97
Q

original form of chocolate

A
98
Q

cocoa butter and powder

A
99
Q

chocolate: processing

A
100
Q

chocolate contains what unique xanthine?

A

theobromine

101
Q

caffeine in Cocoa

A

average cup of cocoa contains about 4 mg of caffeine

102
Q

U.S per captial soft drink consumption is about 50 gallons per year

A
103
Q

mechanism of action for caffeine

A

xanthine’s block receptors for adenosine, thereby having a stimulant effect

104
Q

caffeine, theophyline, theobromine

A

theophyline = found in tea
theobromine = found in chocolate

105
Q

peak levels of caffeine is felt when?

A

usually felt within 30-60 mins

106
Q

half life of caffeine

A

5 hours

107
Q

dependence of caffeine

A

people who abruptly stop drinking Caffeine after prolonged use will start to suffer from withdrawal symptoms and experience

108
Q

reinforcing properties of caffeine

A

offsets the effect of fatigue
may not improve performance if well rested
high caffeine consumption correlates with lower academic performance

109
Q

withdrawal symptoms of caffeine

A

Headaches, irritability, low energy, and mood changes

110
Q

physiological effects of caffeine

A

stimulates the CNS and skeletal muscles
-causes sleep disturbances
- elevates mood
- constricts blood vessels in the brain (but opens them near the muscles/lungs)

111
Q

how does caffeine treat headaches

A

because it constricts the blood vessels in the brain but opens them near the muscles/lungs

112
Q

caffeine in fatigued and well rested

A

will affect those who are fatigued more than those well rested

113
Q

high caffeine consumption among college students is associated with?

A

lower academic performance

114
Q

hyperactivity and caffeine

A
115
Q

caffeine and BAC

A

caffeine does not reduce BAC

116
Q

is moderate consumption dangerous

A

no

117
Q

reproductive effects of caffeine

A

high consumption of caffeine decreases women’s chances of becoming pregnant, decreases growth of the fetus

118
Q

high intake of caffeine may increase the risk of?

A

heart attack, particularly in people with other risk factors

119
Q

causes for concern in caffeine

A

reproductive effects and heart disease

120
Q

caffeinism

A

excessive use of caffeine

121
Q

toxicity is relatively low in

A

caffeine

122
Q

unpleasant symptoms of caffeine

A

nervousness, irritability, tremors, muscle twitching, insomnia, palpitations, heart arrhythmias, gastrointestinal disturbances

123
Q

opioids

A

pain relievers

124
Q

cultivation of opium - raw opium

A

Papaver somniferum - seeds, cuts, resin collected

125
Q

egyptian, greek, arabic, european historical use for opiods

A

Egyptian - papyrus used for specific medical uses
Greece - greek medicines - also available in candies
Arabic - opium is used a social drug because of the Islamic prohibitions against alcohol

126
Q

the opium war

A

1729: opium smoking was outlawed in China, but smuggling was widespread
-The English East India Company was involved in the opium trade, legally in India and illegally in China
- Pressure grew and eventually, war broke out between the British and Chinese

127
Q

morphine, codeine and thebaine

A
128
Q

hypodermic syringe and civil war - dysentery

A

1853 - hypodermic syringe allowed delivery of morphine directly into the blood
widespread use during civil war provided relief from pain and dysentery

129
Q

why is heroin more potent than morphine?

A

increased lipid solubility of the heroin molecule

130
Q

3 types of opioid dependence in the 19th century

A
  1. oral intake increased
  2. opium smoking increased after 1850, Chinese laborers arrived in the US
  3. injection of morphine - the most dangerous form of use
131
Q

ubiquity of opioids

A
132
Q

effect of harrison act

A

made it too hard for opioids to obtain
- results: changes in the pattern of opioid use
- oral use declined - primary remaining users injected morphine or heroin

133
Q

use of opioids between WWI and WW2

A

use limited to “lower class” social groups

134
Q

opioid interdiction effects

A

the view changed from minor weakness/self-indulgence to dangerous, dirty immoral habit

135
Q

the Taliban and opium cultivation

A

Suppressed harvest in Afghanistan by the Taliban – US agrees with this because US wants control over heroin but after 9/11 Taliban wasn’t in power so there was an enormous harvest and increased shipments in US

136
Q

sources of heroin

A

most came from “french connection”: heroin grown in Turkey, converted to heroin in southern france and imported into the US

137
Q

prescription opioids

A
138
Q

opioid pharmacology

A

raw opium (10% of morphine by weight) - least potent

139
Q

what are methadone and LAAM used for?

A

reduce dependence on heroin when given continuously under supervised dosing conditions

140
Q

oxycodone and oxycontin

A
141
Q

fentanyl

A

The synthetic lab produced opioid
- more potent than heroin and morphine
- errors in measurement lead to overdose and death

142
Q

opioid antagonists

A
  • block the affect of opoids
  • Opioid antagonists help treat opioid overdose, opioid use disorder, alcohol use disorder and opioid-induced constipation.
143
Q

1960s- heroin use by troops in Vietnam - what were expectations of returning users and what was the reality?

A

they thought they would continue to use but instead they stopped when they got home

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