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integrative seminar > final exam - chapter 15 and 8 > Flashcards

final exam - chapter 15 and 8 Flashcards

1
Q

marijuana

A

leafy material from the cannabis plant

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2
Q

the effects of marijuana

A

sedation, pain relief, euphoria, hunger, halluncinations

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3
Q

peak effect of marijuana

A

5-10 mind and lasts for 2 hours

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4
Q

is lipid solubility of THC low or high

A

high
it is selectively taken up and stored in fatty tissue and releases slowly

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5
Q

mechanism of action - what neurotransmitter is affected by marijuana and what does it do?

A

dopamine
CB1 receptors in brain and high level concentration of these in Basal Ganglia, cerebellum, hippocampus, cerebral cortex, nucleus accumbens

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6
Q

Receptor types? where are they found?

A

CB1 receptors in the brain-CNS
CB2 receptors in immune cells

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7
Q

self administration of THC

A

smoked - THC is absorbed rapidly
orally - THC absorbed more slowly in the liver

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8
Q

true or false: marijuana cigarettes with higher THC are preferred?

A

true

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9
Q

abuse potential of marijuana

A

oral THC does not have a high abuse potential

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10
Q

regular users and withdrawal

A

they do not experience physiological withdrawal symptoms

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11
Q

withdrawal symptoms of marijuana (mainly psychological) may be masked by what?

A

masked by long half life

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12
Q

when does tolerance to marijuana effects happen?

A

after regular use of high levels of marijuana

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13
Q

cognitive performance and marijuana

A

disrupts cognitive performance
- slowed cognitive processing
- impaired short term memory
- time distortion
- loss of sustained concentration or vigilance
- impaired visuospatial processing

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14
Q

acute administration to infrequent users

A

disrupts cognitive performance

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15
Q

acute administration to frequent users

A

-causes less dramatic effects
-slowed cognitive processing consistently seen
- impairment during certain workplace tasks can have significant effects

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16
Q

appetite stimulation

A

increases appetite, increases total caloric intake

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17
Q

effects on weight of marijuana use

A

can cause you to gain weight with increase appetite

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18
Q

medical sues of cannabis - findings from institute of medicine report

A
  1. marijuana is relatively safe and effective medicine
  2. more research needs to be done
  3. an effective inhaler should be developed - poor oral absorption
  4. compassionate use of smoked marijuana cigarettes should be allowed for no more than six months
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19
Q

cognitive effects on frequent/infrequent users

A

slowed cognitive processing

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20
Q

tolerance of marijuana use

A

develops after regular use of high levels

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21
Q

lab vs epidemiological

A

lab studies found that it marijuana produces significant impairment

epidemiological found little evidence that drivers who use marijuana alone are more likely to be involved in an accident

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22
Q

lung cancer danger

A

weakly correlated

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23
Q

smoking behavior - tobacco vs marijuana

A
  1. smoked fewer cigarettes a day
  2. but hold smoke deep in their lungs longer
  3. and joints typically do not filter
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24
Q

reproductive effects of marijuana use

A

reduced testosterone = lower sperm
low birth weight and height in babies

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25
Q

immune system use of marijuana use

A
  1. some evidence that marijuana use reduces immunity to infection
  2. but CB2 receptor may be important in cancer
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26
Q

amotivational syndrome

A

heavy chronic users below 1. diminished motivation 2. impaired ability to learn 3. school and family problems

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27
Q

psychosis

A

collection of symptoms that affect the mind, where there has been some loss of contact with reality.

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28
Q

fluid pressure in eyes

A

marijuana reduces fluid pressure in eyes
- may be useful to glaucoma patients

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29
Q

dronabinol

A

to prevent or treat nausea and vomiting that may occur after treatment with cancer medicines

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30
Q

criticisms of the medical model

A

usually the only symptoms of mental disorders are behavioral and not physical and behaviors

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31
Q

anxiety disorders

A

characterized by excessive worry, fears, or avoidance
1. panic disorder
2. specific phobia
3. social anxiety
4. ocd
5. ptsd
6. generalized anxiety disorder

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32
Q

psychoses

A

serious mental disorders involving loss of contact with reality

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33
Q

malaria therapy was used to treat which mental disorder?

A

syphilitic infection

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34
Q

early drug therapy

A

narcosis, truth serum, insulin shock, convulsive, sedatives, ETC

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35
Q

narcosis

A

put on depressants but induced sleep - didnt solve the root problem

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36
Q

insulin shock

A

inducing comas with insulin

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37
Q

ECT - is it still used?

A

electrical stimulation of the brain
- still use today

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38
Q

frontal lobotomy

A

severing connection between the frontal lobes and the rest of the brain

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39
Q

Walter Freeman

A

developed the frontal lobotomy

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40
Q

discovery of phenothiazines

A

tranquilizers, neuroleptics or antipsychotics that reduce symptoms without causing sedation

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41
Q

antipsychotics: mechanism of action

A

block dopamine receptors in the brain

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42
Q

two groups of antipsychotics

A
  1. conventional antipsychotics produce pseudo parkinsonism: link to dopamine receptors
  2. atypical anti psychotics block both D2 dopamine and serotonin receptors
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43
Q

time delay in drug effects

A

After reaching the receptor the process of binding to the receptor may be slow and contribute to delay in response.

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44
Q

what does lag indicate

A

a period of time before the medication kicks in

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45
Q

which creates more pseudoparkinsonism

A

conventional antipsychotics

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46
Q

which improves both negative and positive symptoms

A

atypical antipsychotics

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47
Q

Antipsychotics: side effects

A

not addictive
allergic reactions
photosensitivity
agranulocytosis
movement disorders
tardive dyskinesia

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48
Q

agranulocytosis

A

low white blood cell count

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49
Q

tardive dyskinesia

A

caused by a sensitivity in dopamine receptors = motor tics in face, tongue or body

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50
Q

antidepressants: major types

A
  1. monoamine oxidase inhibitors
  2. tricyclic antidepressants
  3. SSRIs
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51
Q

MAOIs

A

increases availability of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine

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52
Q

Tricyclic antidepressants

A

reduces the uptake of norepinephrine, dopamine, or serotonin
- discovered when working to create. better phenothiazine antipsychotic

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53
Q

SSRIs

A

reduces the uptake of serotonin
-safer than tricyclic antidepressants

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54
Q

SSNRIS

A

blocking the reabsorption (or reuptake) of serotonin and norepinephrine back into the nerve cells that released them

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55
Q

mechanism of action for SSRIs

A

increases the availability of norepinephrine or serotonin
- but lag period before improving mood

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56
Q

bupropion

A

works with SSRIs - dopamine and norepinephrine

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57
Q

trazodone

A

affects norepinephrine, serotonin, and sleep inducing

58
Q

mood stabilizers

A

lithium
normalized mood in bipolar patients preventing both mania and depressed mood swings
- little effect of treating unipolar depression

59
Q

lithium - why was acceptance slow

A

history of poisonings
low perception of the seriousness of mania
little exclusive reward for researching it

60
Q

anticonvulsant drugs

A

valproic acid

61
Q

consequences of drug treatment for mental illness

A

the number of people in mental hospitals declined dramatically following the induction of drugs that control symptoms of schizophrenia

62
Q

changes for psychiatrists

A

less time spent doing psychotherapy
emphasis on establishing the appropriate drug regimen

63
Q

civil rights issues

A

relating to hospitalizations = indefinite commitment to a hospital is unconstitutional

64
Q

st johns wort

A

herbal medicine may reduce symptoms in people with mild-to-moderate, but not severe (or major) depression

65
Q

deep brain stimulation

A

frontiers in treatment

66
Q

animism and religion

A

animism = belief that animals, plants, rocks, have special characteristics from a spirit contained within the object

  • commonly practiced in relgions
67
Q

phantastica

A
68
Q

psychedelic

A
69
Q

psychotomimetic

A

mimics psychosis

70
Q

etheogen and entactogen

A

entheogen -substances that are thought to create spiritual or religious experiences

entactogen - (produce a touching within) substances that can enhance feelings of empathy

71
Q

classic phantastica/ major groups

A
72
Q

LSD: Albert Hoffman and discovery

A

discovered LSD on accident because he was working with it and it got on his fingers

73
Q

Ergotism

A

illness from mold that grows on grain
- causes headaches, vomiting, diarrhea and gangrene of fingers and toes

74
Q

LSD potency

A
75
Q

LSD early research an quality

A

a lot of research took place in 1950 and 1970
attempts were made to develop a model of psychoses and accessing mind

76
Q

Timothy Leary

A

conducted research on the psychological effects of LSD and psilocybin

77
Q

Dr. Richard

A
78
Q

League of spiritual discovery

A
79
Q

1996: greater controls

A
80
Q

when did LSD use peak

A

1967 - 1968

81
Q

LSD Pharmacology

A
82
Q

LSD is orderless, colorless and tasteless

A
83
Q

route of administration of LSD

A

usually orally and is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract

84
Q

1/2 life of LSD

A

3 hours

85
Q

metabolism of LSD

A

rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and then is metabolized in the liver

86
Q

tolerance of LSD

A

develops rapidly usually with 3-4 day

87
Q

Cross tolerance ?

A

been shown between LSD, mescaline, psilocycbin

88
Q

sympathomimetic

A

effects the sympathetic nervous system
-dilated pupils, elevated temp, and blood pressure

89
Q

LSD and Serotonin

A
90
Q

LSD experience synesthesia

A

when your brain routes sensory information through multiple unrelated senses, causing you to experience more than one sense simultaneously

91
Q

time course of LSD trips

A

autonomic responses - first 20 minutes
half life of 3 hours

92
Q

adverse reactions

A

larger doses - concentration and coordination difficulties, teeth grinding, and lack of appetite
- environment can effect this and induce more anxiety symptoms

93
Q

flashbacks

A

hallucinogen persisting perception disorder
- geometric hallucinations, false perceptions of movement, intensified colors

94
Q

LSD secret army/CIA research (MK ultra)

A

soldiers were unknowingly administered doses of LSD
- drug effects were sometimes toxic
and people struggled with daily living

95
Q

why was LSD secret army/CIA research (MK ultra) unethical

A

the soldiers did not know they were being given drugs and it is extremely dangerous to do that with such a powerful drug that most soldiers did not have experience with

96
Q

psilocybin

A

magic mushroom
primary active ingredient in LSD

97
Q

most well known psychoactive mushroom is psilocybe mexicana

A

psilocybe mexicana

98
Q

psilocybin

A

primary active agent in psilocybe mexicana
- isolated from LSD and synthesized

99
Q

dose and effects of LSD

A
100
Q

good friday study - why was it poorly designed

A

ability of psilocybin to induce meaningful religious experiences were investigated
- groups were given the drug or placebo and then attended Good Friday service

101
Q

morning glory and hawaiian baby woodrose seeds - why shouldnt you eat them

A

fuzzy outer coatings contain toxic cyanogenic glycosides which can make you sick

102
Q

DMT route of administration and MAO

A
  • ineffective when taken orally because it is metabolized by MAO before reaching the brain
  • usually snuffed, smoked, or injected
103
Q

“the business trip”

A
104
Q

ayahuasca- harmaline - how does it change the DMT experience?

A

psychoactive tea used for shamanic, religious and medicinal purposes

  • the vine of ayahuasca contains harmaline which is an MAO inhibitor that prevents DMT from being metabolized orally and letting it reach the brain
105
Q

“endogenous” DMT speculatively linked to what disorder

A
106
Q

peyote

A

small spineless cactus
is a hallucinogen

107
Q

mescal beans or mescal liquor

A
108
Q

what is the primary psychoactive agent found in peyote and is responsible for the vivd colors

A

mescaline

109
Q

native american church

A

peyote use protected by the constitutional guarantee of freedom of religion

110
Q

peyote use

A

Native Americans church incorporates peyote into its ceremonies
- It is an amalgamation of Christianity and the traditional beliefs and practices of native American
and as treatment for illness

111
Q

mescaline: pharmacology

A

absorbed orally but doesn’t readily pass the blood brain barrier

112
Q

effects of low and high doses

A

low = primarily euphoric
high = full set of halluncinations

113
Q

metabolism of mescaline

A

removed after 6 years
excreted in urine

114
Q

overdose risk of mescaline

A
115
Q

tolerance to mescaline

A

develops slowly

116
Q

empathogen effects

A

increase a person’s feeling of empathy and benevolence towards others, as well as feelings of being socially accepted and connected

117
Q

past research of MDMA and problems with interpretation

A
118
Q

is MDMA scheduled?

A

yes schedulele 1

119
Q

what disorder might MDMA be used to treat?

A

PTSD

120
Q

1-(1-phenylcyclohexlyl piperidine hydrohloride

A

intitially appeared to be a good anesthetic
- does not depress blood circulation or respiration -
- does not produce heart rate irregularities as some anesthetics due

121
Q

effects of PCP

A

produces halluncinations

122
Q

is pcp relative inexpensive and easy to manufacture?

A

yes

123
Q

“angel dust”

A

PCP crystals sprinkled into oregano, parsley, or alfalfa and sold as marijuana

124
Q

“killer joints” or “sherms”

A

marijuana joints mixed with PCP

125
Q

PCP and stories of superhuman strength

A

none reported?

126
Q

causes different degrees of depressant and dissociative effects

A
127
Q

effects come from three pharmacologically active alkaloids - what are they

A
128
Q

the original deliriant was ?

A
129
Q

mandrake

A

contains psychoactive agents that can cause hallucinations, delirium

130
Q

henbane

A

poisonous substance that has calming affects

131
Q

shakespeares hamlet

A

shakespeares hamlet father must have had more than 4 leaves because it was henbane that was used to poison him

132
Q

amanita muscaria effects

A

muscular twitching, raving drunkness, agitation and vivid halluncinations

133
Q

amanita; active ingredients

A

muscarine

134
Q

salvia divinorum mechanisms of action

A

kappa opioid receptor both in the brain and spinal cord

135
Q

what organ metabolizes LSD

A

liver

136
Q

amphetamine derivatives

A

large group of synthetic psychedelics is chemically related to amphetamines
- similar to mescaline

137
Q

anticholinergic hallucinogens

A

substances that block the action of the acetylcholine (ACh) neurotransmitter at synapses in the central and peripheral nervous system.

138
Q

after one week how much THC is still in the body

A

25%-30%

139
Q

the medical mode guides much of current thinking

A
  • psychoactive drugs are used to control symptoms of mental illness
  • chemical imbalances are associated with specific mental disorders
140
Q

positive symptoms

A

adding something to your life
delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech behaviors

141
Q

negative symptoms

A

taking away something
- withdrawal, emotional blunting
causes significant interference with social and/or occupational function

integrative seminar (7 decks)

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