final exam - chapter 15 and 8 Flashcards
marijuana
leafy material from the cannabis plant
the effects of marijuana
sedation, pain relief, euphoria, hunger, halluncinations
peak effect of marijuana
5-10 mind and lasts for 2 hours
is lipid solubility of THC low or high
high
it is selectively taken up and stored in fatty tissue and releases slowly
mechanism of action - what neurotransmitter is affected by marijuana and what does it do?
dopamine
CB1 receptors in brain and high level concentration of these in Basal Ganglia, cerebellum, hippocampus, cerebral cortex, nucleus accumbens
Receptor types? where are they found?
CB1 receptors in the brain-CNS
CB2 receptors in immune cells
self administration of THC
smoked - THC is absorbed rapidly
orally - THC absorbed more slowly in the liver
true or false: marijuana cigarettes with higher THC are preferred?
true
abuse potential of marijuana
oral THC does not have a high abuse potential
regular users and withdrawal
they do not experience physiological withdrawal symptoms
withdrawal symptoms of marijuana (mainly psychological) may be masked by what?
masked by long half life
when does tolerance to marijuana effects happen?
after regular use of high levels of marijuana
cognitive performance and marijuana
disrupts cognitive performance
- slowed cognitive processing
- impaired short term memory
- time distortion
- loss of sustained concentration or vigilance
- impaired visuospatial processing
acute administration to infrequent users
disrupts cognitive performance
acute administration to frequent users
-causes less dramatic effects
-slowed cognitive processing consistently seen
- impairment during certain workplace tasks can have significant effects
appetite stimulation
increases appetite, increases total caloric intake
effects on weight of marijuana use
can cause you to gain weight with increase appetite
medical sues of cannabis - findings from institute of medicine report
- marijuana is relatively safe and effective medicine
- more research needs to be done
- an effective inhaler should be developed - poor oral absorption
- compassionate use of smoked marijuana cigarettes should be allowed for no more than six months
cognitive effects on frequent/infrequent users
slowed cognitive processing
tolerance of marijuana use
develops after regular use of high levels
lab vs epidemiological
lab studies found that it marijuana produces significant impairment
epidemiological found little evidence that drivers who use marijuana alone are more likely to be involved in an accident
lung cancer danger
weakly correlated
smoking behavior - tobacco vs marijuana
- smoked fewer cigarettes a day
- but hold smoke deep in their lungs longer
- and joints typically do not filter
reproductive effects of marijuana use
reduced testosterone = lower sperm
low birth weight and height in babies
immune system use of marijuana use
- some evidence that marijuana use reduces immunity to infection
- but CB2 receptor may be important in cancer
amotivational syndrome
heavy chronic users below 1. diminished motivation 2. impaired ability to learn 3. school and family problems
psychosis
collection of symptoms that affect the mind, where there has been some loss of contact with reality.
fluid pressure in eyes
marijuana reduces fluid pressure in eyes
- may be useful to glaucoma patients
dronabinol
to prevent or treat nausea and vomiting that may occur after treatment with cancer medicines
criticisms of the medical model
usually the only symptoms of mental disorders are behavioral and not physical and behaviors
anxiety disorders
characterized by excessive worry, fears, or avoidance
1. panic disorder
2. specific phobia
3. social anxiety
4. ocd
5. ptsd
6. generalized anxiety disorder
psychoses
serious mental disorders involving loss of contact with reality
malaria therapy was used to treat which mental disorder?
syphilitic infection
early drug therapy
narcosis, truth serum, insulin shock, convulsive, sedatives, ETC
narcosis
put on depressants but induced sleep - didnt solve the root problem
insulin shock
inducing comas with insulin
ECT - is it still used?
electrical stimulation of the brain
- still use today
frontal lobotomy
severing connection between the frontal lobes and the rest of the brain
Walter Freeman
developed the frontal lobotomy
discovery of phenothiazines
tranquilizers, neuroleptics or antipsychotics that reduce symptoms without causing sedation
antipsychotics: mechanism of action
block dopamine receptors in the brain
two groups of antipsychotics
- conventional antipsychotics produce pseudo parkinsonism: link to dopamine receptors
- atypical anti psychotics block both D2 dopamine and serotonin receptors
time delay in drug effects
After reaching the receptor the process of binding to the receptor may be slow and contribute to delay in response.
what does lag indicate
a period of time before the medication kicks in
which creates more pseudoparkinsonism
conventional antipsychotics
which improves both negative and positive symptoms
atypical antipsychotics
Antipsychotics: side effects
not addictive
allergic reactions
photosensitivity
agranulocytosis
movement disorders
tardive dyskinesia
agranulocytosis
low white blood cell count
tardive dyskinesia
caused by a sensitivity in dopamine receptors = motor tics in face, tongue or body
antidepressants: major types
- monoamine oxidase inhibitors
- tricyclic antidepressants
- SSRIs
MAOIs
increases availability of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine
Tricyclic antidepressants
reduces the uptake of norepinephrine, dopamine, or serotonin
- discovered when working to create. better phenothiazine antipsychotic
SSRIs
reduces the uptake of serotonin
-safer than tricyclic antidepressants
SSNRIS
blocking the reabsorption (or reuptake) of serotonin and norepinephrine back into the nerve cells that released them
mechanism of action for SSRIs
increases the availability of norepinephrine or serotonin
- but lag period before improving mood
bupropion
works with SSRIs - dopamine and norepinephrine
trazodone
affects norepinephrine, serotonin, and sleep inducing
mood stabilizers
lithium
normalized mood in bipolar patients preventing both mania and depressed mood swings
- little effect of treating unipolar depression
lithium - why was acceptance slow
history of poisonings
low perception of the seriousness of mania
little exclusive reward for researching it
anticonvulsant drugs
valproic acid
consequences of drug treatment for mental illness
the number of people in mental hospitals declined dramatically following the induction of drugs that control symptoms of schizophrenia
changes for psychiatrists
less time spent doing psychotherapy
emphasis on establishing the appropriate drug regimen
civil rights issues
relating to hospitalizations = indefinite commitment to a hospital is unconstitutional
st johns wort
herbal medicine may reduce symptoms in people with mild-to-moderate, but not severe (or major) depression
deep brain stimulation
frontiers in treatment
animism and religion
animism = belief that animals, plants, rocks, have special characteristics from a spirit contained within the object
- commonly practiced in relgions
phantastica
psychedelic
psychotomimetic
mimics psychosis
etheogen and entactogen
entheogen -substances that are thought to create spiritual or religious experiences
entactogen - (produce a touching within) substances that can enhance feelings of empathy
classic phantastica/ major groups
LSD: Albert Hoffman and discovery
discovered LSD on accident because he was working with it and it got on his fingers
Ergotism
illness from mold that grows on grain
- causes headaches, vomiting, diarrhea and gangrene of fingers and toes
LSD potency
LSD early research an quality
a lot of research took place in 1950 and 1970
attempts were made to develop a model of psychoses and accessing mind
Timothy Leary
conducted research on the psychological effects of LSD and psilocybin
Dr. Richard
League of spiritual discovery
1996: greater controls
when did LSD use peak
1967 - 1968
LSD Pharmacology
LSD is orderless, colorless and tasteless
route of administration of LSD
usually orally and is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract
1/2 life of LSD
3 hours
metabolism of LSD
rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and then is metabolized in the liver
tolerance of LSD
develops rapidly usually with 3-4 day
Cross tolerance ?
been shown between LSD, mescaline, psilocycbin
sympathomimetic
effects the sympathetic nervous system
-dilated pupils, elevated temp, and blood pressure
LSD and Serotonin
LSD experience synesthesia
when your brain routes sensory information through multiple unrelated senses, causing you to experience more than one sense simultaneously
time course of LSD trips
autonomic responses - first 20 minutes
half life of 3 hours
adverse reactions
larger doses - concentration and coordination difficulties, teeth grinding, and lack of appetite
- environment can effect this and induce more anxiety symptoms
flashbacks
hallucinogen persisting perception disorder
- geometric hallucinations, false perceptions of movement, intensified colors
LSD secret army/CIA research (MK ultra)
soldiers were unknowingly administered doses of LSD
- drug effects were sometimes toxic
and people struggled with daily living
why was LSD secret army/CIA research (MK ultra) unethical
the soldiers did not know they were being given drugs and it is extremely dangerous to do that with such a powerful drug that most soldiers did not have experience with
psilocybin
magic mushroom
primary active ingredient in LSD
most well known psychoactive mushroom is psilocybe mexicana
psilocybe mexicana
psilocybin
primary active agent in psilocybe mexicana
- isolated from LSD and synthesized
dose and effects of LSD
good friday study - why was it poorly designed
ability of psilocybin to induce meaningful religious experiences were investigated
- groups were given the drug or placebo and then attended Good Friday service
morning glory and hawaiian baby woodrose seeds - why shouldnt you eat them
fuzzy outer coatings contain toxic cyanogenic glycosides which can make you sick
DMT route of administration and MAO
- ineffective when taken orally because it is metabolized by MAO before reaching the brain
- usually snuffed, smoked, or injected
“the business trip”
ayahuasca- harmaline - how does it change the DMT experience?
psychoactive tea used for shamanic, religious and medicinal purposes
- the vine of ayahuasca contains harmaline which is an MAO inhibitor that prevents DMT from being metabolized orally and letting it reach the brain
“endogenous” DMT speculatively linked to what disorder
peyote
small spineless cactus
is a hallucinogen
mescal beans or mescal liquor
what is the primary psychoactive agent found in peyote and is responsible for the vivd colors
mescaline
native american church
peyote use protected by the constitutional guarantee of freedom of religion
peyote use
Native Americans church incorporates peyote into its ceremonies
- It is an amalgamation of Christianity and the traditional beliefs and practices of native American
and as treatment for illness
mescaline: pharmacology
absorbed orally but doesn’t readily pass the blood brain barrier
effects of low and high doses
low = primarily euphoric
high = full set of halluncinations
metabolism of mescaline
removed after 6 years
excreted in urine
overdose risk of mescaline
tolerance to mescaline
develops slowly
empathogen effects
increase a person’s feeling of empathy and benevolence towards others, as well as feelings of being socially accepted and connected
past research of MDMA and problems with interpretation
is MDMA scheduled?
yes schedulele 1
what disorder might MDMA be used to treat?
PTSD
1-(1-phenylcyclohexlyl piperidine hydrohloride
intitially appeared to be a good anesthetic
- does not depress blood circulation or respiration -
- does not produce heart rate irregularities as some anesthetics due
effects of PCP
produces halluncinations
is pcp relative inexpensive and easy to manufacture?
yes
“angel dust”
PCP crystals sprinkled into oregano, parsley, or alfalfa and sold as marijuana
“killer joints” or “sherms”
marijuana joints mixed with PCP
PCP and stories of superhuman strength
none reported?
causes different degrees of depressant and dissociative effects
effects come from three pharmacologically active alkaloids - what are they
the original deliriant was ?
mandrake
contains psychoactive agents that can cause hallucinations, delirium
henbane
poisonous substance that has calming affects
shakespeares hamlet
shakespeares hamlet father must have had more than 4 leaves because it was henbane that was used to poison him
amanita muscaria effects
muscular twitching, raving drunkness, agitation and vivid halluncinations
amanita; active ingredients
muscarine
salvia divinorum mechanisms of action
kappa opioid receptor both in the brain and spinal cord
what organ metabolizes LSD
liver
amphetamine derivatives
large group of synthetic psychedelics is chemically related to amphetamines
- similar to mescaline
anticholinergic hallucinogens
substances that block the action of the acetylcholine (ACh) neurotransmitter at synapses in the central and peripheral nervous system.
after one week how much THC is still in the body
25%-30%
the medical mode guides much of current thinking
- psychoactive drugs are used to control symptoms of mental illness
- chemical imbalances are associated with specific mental disorders
positive symptoms
adding something to your life
delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech behaviors
negative symptoms
taking away something
- withdrawal, emotional blunting
causes significant interference with social and/or occupational function
