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integrative seminar > quiz 3 > Flashcards

quiz 3 Flashcards

1
Q

stimulants

A

substances that keep a person going
-cocaine, caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines

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2
Q

history of cocaine

A

coca - bush that grows in the Andes and produces cocaine
- natives chewed coca leaves to give them greater strength and endurance

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3
Q

four forms of cocaine

A
  1. coca paste - crude extract created during the manufacture of cocaine
  2. cocaine hydrochloride - the most common form of pure cocaine
  3. freebase - prepared as a chemical base, can be heated and vapors and inhaled
  4. crack or rock - lumps, fried smokable cocaine, prepared by making cocaine with water and baking soda
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4
Q

the “rat park study”

A

rats were less likely to self-administer drugs than those in dull, isolated cages

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5
Q

46 states did what between 1887 and 1914

A

regulated control over cocaine

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6
Q

unsubstantiated racist claims and 1914 harrison act

A

cocaine use among southern african american increased widespread usage of cocaine and associated with increased violent crime

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7
Q

contemporary legal controls on cocaine

A

1960 - use began to increase
before 1985 - cocaine hydrochloride most available (snorted) however it was expensive and associated with status wealth and fame
1985 - inexpensive form of smokeable cocaine became available

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8
Q

anti-drug abuse acts of 1986 and 1988

A

establishes penalties for crack sale/possession more severe than penalties for powder sale

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9
Q

penalties to powder/crack possession

A

-crack more severe than cocaine

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10
Q

fair sentencing act of 2010

A

reduced penalties for crack cocaine offenses to produce an 18-1 crack to powder drug quantity ratio

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11
Q

mechanism of action of cocaine

A

chemical structure does not tell us how or why cocaine affects the brain

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12
Q

cocaine administration

A

chewing or sucking coca leaves - slow absorption and onset of effects
snorting - absorption through nasal membranes - rapid onset
injected - rapid and brief effects
smoked - rapid and brief effects - fastest

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13
Q

beneficial uses of cocaine and related chemicals

A

-local anesthesia
-used medically since 1884
-early application were in eye surgery and dentistry
- still used for nasal, laryngeal and esophagus surgery in US

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14
Q

cocaine elimination

A

eliminated by enzymes in the blood and liver
- half-life of about an hour

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15
Q

cocaethylene

A

cocaine mixed with alcohol makes this

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16
Q

acute toxicity of cocaine

A

profound SNS stimulation, which can lead to cardiac or respiratory arrest
- crack usage can cause brain hemorrage

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17
Q

chronic toxicity of cocaine

A

risks of regularly snorting cocaine
- affects nasal septum, tics, damage to heart muscle

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18
Q

formication

A

hallucinated of body infested with vermin

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19
Q

dependence of cocaine

A

powerful withdrawal - anxiety, depression, craving
- most with inject or smoking

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20
Q

cardiomyopathy

A

affects the heart muscle and causes the heart to lose its ability to pump blood well

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21
Q

crack babies - what happened to them?

A

babies born when their mothers smoked crack during the pregnancy
- come out already addicted

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21
Q

cocaine: current use and future trends

A

1.5% of adults currently use
20% of people who try cocaine become dependent

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22
Q

amphetamines history

A

new synthesized chemicals similar to ephedrine were patented in 1932
- medically used to treat asthma, narcolepsy, hyperactivity in children

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23
Q

appetite suppressant by both sides of WII

A

amphetamine used to increase stamina
- meth for japenese
- benzedrine for americans

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24
Q

pervitin

A

german soldiers used this to increase stamina

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25
Q

what is a “speedball” and why is it dangerous

A

amphetamine/cocaine + heroin injected together

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26
Q

speed scene in San Francisco

A
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27
Q

manufacture of methamphetamine

A

it is dangerous to make, creates toxic fumes and residue

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28
Q

recent legislation in minnesota (precursor medicine)

A

medicine moved to behind the counter
- hope to result in drop in meth making

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29
Q

amphetamine pharmacology

A

infiltrates neuron, taken up: causes increased activity of Dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin by stimulating their release

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30
Q

amphetamine structure and mechanism of action

A

stimulant that functions by increasing the amounts of dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin in the synaptic cleft

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31
Q

amphetamine absorption and elimination

A

rapidly absorbed after oral administration
4-6 hours

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32
Q

rapid tolerance

A

tolerance that develops faster within uses

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33
Q

beneficial uses of amphetamine

A

stimulant medications can reverse catecholamine associated frontal deficits that may underlie ADHD

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34
Q

amphetamine acute toxicity

A

increases in feeling power, suspicion, paranoia, and potential risk of violent behavior

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35
Q

“meth mouth” what causes it?

A

results not from cotaminents in meth but a combination of dry mouth, neglect, and bruxism

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36
Q

bruxism

A

grinding of teeth

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37
Q

what is defined as the drug with the greatest dependence-producing potential

A

amphetamines - potent reinforcer

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37
Q

bath salt drugs

A

cathinone -stimulant derived from khat
mephedrone - similar to cocaine/amphetamine
methylone - similar to ecstasy
alpha-pvp - flakka

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38
Q

depressants and inhalants

A

depressants - slow activity in CNS usually through agonist GABA effects

inhalants - volatile solvents and other compounds can have depressant effects similar to sedatives

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39
Q

how do depressants decrease brain activity

A

slows CNS

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40
Q

to be “shanghai’ed” means?

A

to kidnap or trick them into working for you

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41
Q

paraldehyde - what is it and why is it used?

A

used for alcoholism
- noxious taste - hot burning taste

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42
Q

bromides

A

sleep agent in patent medicines

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43
Q

barbiturates - quick and slow-acting

A

low dose long acting forms - daytime relief of anxiety

higher doses shorter acting forms - used to induce sleep

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44
Q

red devils/ dolls

A

secobarbital
-sedative sleep pill
- benzodiazepine replaced thia

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45
Q

pentobarbital

A

short-acting barbiturate sedative

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46
Q

amobarbital

A

truth serum,

47
Q

wada test

A

helps your treatment team determine which side of your brain is dominant for language and which is for memory

48
Q

shellshock

A

amobarbital

49
Q

butabarbital

A

short term treatment for insomnia

50
Q

mephobarbital and penobarbital

A

anti seizure sedative

51
Q

benzodiazepines - adverse effects

A
52
Q

what is zolpidem used for and what is it linked to

A

used to induce sleep but linked to sleepwalking

53
Q

flunitrazepam - why is it so infmaous? what changes have made it safer?

A
54
Q

nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics

A

target GABA receptor
better sleeping pills than anti-anxiety drug

55
Q

beneficial uses of benzo

A

treating anxiety and related mental health conditions as well as brain conditions like seizures

56
Q

oxytocin - potential used to treat

A
56
Q

therapy vs pills - insurance coverage

A

therapy might not be covered by insurance by pills are more likely to

57
Q

benzos for sleep

A

short acting - flurazepam

58
Q

falling asleep without pills

A

regular sleep schedule
turn down lights gradually throughout the evening
exercise
reduce noise
eat light snack before bed
avoid tobacco
avoid napping
avoid use of sleeping pills

59
Q

benzos as anticonvulsants

A

administered to someone with seizure disorder

60
Q

problem with hyponotics

A

tolerance and finding a dose that is effective but doesn’t cause excessive drowsiness and abrupt withdrawal can cause seizures

61
Q

concerns for depressants

A

psychological dependence
physical dependence

62
Q

barbiturate vs benzodiazepine withdrawal

A

barbiturate - anxiety, insomnia, weakness, nausea, vomiting, seizures

benzodiazepine - anxiety, irritability, insomnia

63
Q

cross dependence

A

barbiturates, benzodiazepines and alcohol

64
Q

patterns of abuse - younger and older

A

typical users are - older adults using prescribers drugs, and tolerance develops does increase

younger people obtain drugs to get high, may take high doses or mix with alcohol

65
Q

volatile solvents

A

liquids that easily vaporize into gas and when inhaled can cause a state of intoxication and long-term nerve and organ damage

petroleum, acetone, tolune
- paint, paint thinner, nail polish remover, correction fluid, glue

66
Q

anesthetics

A

nitrous oxide
current and former medical anesthetics

67
Q

nitrites

A

amyl, butyl
rush and popperss

68
Q

nitrous oxide and nitrous balloons

A

laughing gas
light anestsia

69
Q

what converts b12 to be inactive
- linked to B12 deficiency

A

nitrous oxide

70
Q

nitrities - “poppers” associated with interpersonal activity

A

short term euphoria to enhance please of sex
- reduce blood pressure in the brain

70
Q

volatile solvents: dangers

A

kidney damage, brain damage, peripheral nerve damage, muscle damage, severe headache and death by suffocation is possible

71
Q

what category of drug is alcohol

A

nitrites

72
Q

fermentation

A

production of alcohol from sugars through the action of yeasts

73
Q

fruits + yeast =

A

increases fermentation

74
Q

what has to be done with grains before they can be used for fermentation

A

starch must be converted to sugar by malting before fermentation can begin

75
Q

yeast has a limited tolerance for alcohol - what percent ethanol kills it

A

about 15% of yeast dies and fermentation ceases

76
Q

distillation

A

evaporation of alcohol vapora = beverages with alcohol content higher than 15%

77
Q

how did distillation help make money in the us and europe

A
78
Q

proof of alcohol drinks

A

twice the percentage of alcohol by weight

79
Q

who sells the most beer in the US

A

anheuser-busch and miller

80
Q

distilled spirits

A

grain neutral spirits - clear and nearly pure alcohol

81
Q

congeners - good and bad

A

minor compounds other than ethanol that occur naturally in alcohol beverages as a result of distilling and fermenting processes.

  • higher the congeners the more likely the hangover
82
Q

alcohol use: before American Revolution and after

A

before - people drank more alcoholic beverages than plain water

83
Q

what was the first “demonized” by the public

A

rum

84
Q

temperance movement

A

promoted using things in moderation

85
Q

benjamin rush (1745-1813)

A

found that heavy drinking = health problems, alcohol damages and addiction disease

86
Q

temperance societies - early and later

A

initially promoted abstinence from distilled spirits and moderate consumption of beer and wine

later, promoted total abstinence because of beer/wine association with lower class immigrant groups

87
Q

role of women in the temperance movement

A

made the movement to become totally abstinent of alcohol
- religious movement

88
Q

speakeasies and patent medications

A

speakeasies - place where alcohol was illegally sold

patent medications - medicine sold over the counter with prescription

89
Q

prohibition

A

made alcohol illegal

90
Q

18th amendment

A

banning sale of alcohol

91
Q

Canadian border - “rum fleets”

A

illegal business of smuggling alcoholic beverages where such transportation is forbidden by law

92
Q

organized crime - what happened to it as a result of prohibition

A

became more organized and profitable

93
Q

why was prohibition repealed

A

The beginning of the Great Depression, and the prospect of new jobs and tax revenue from legalized alcohol triggered a groundswell of political support for repeal

94
Q

21st amendment

A

repeal of prohibition

95
Q

drinking ages and highway funds

A

The National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 required all states to raise their minimum purchase and public possession of alcohol age to 21. States that did not comply faced a reduction in highway funds under the Federal Highway Aid Act.

96
Q

federal and state taxes and licensing fees and price of distilled spirit

A

about half of the price of a distilled spirit
when taxes go up, consumption goes down

97
Q

regional differences in the US in drinking alcohol

A

high in Nevada and Alaska, wisconsin
low: iowa, Nebraska, utah, Mississippi

98
Q

gender differences in drinking

A

men are more likely to drink more than females

99
Q

absorption of alcohol

A
  • some in the stomach, most of the small intestine
100
Q

alcohol dehydrogenase and stomach contents

A
  • alcohol dehydrogenase in the stomach deactivates some alcohol before it enters the blood stream
    -slower if there is food or water in the stomach
    -more alcohol is absorbed in the presence of carbonated beverages
101
Q

BAC and how is it measured
what is legally drunk?

A
102
Q

alcohol distribution in body tissues

A

less distributed in fatty tissues - a lean person will have a lower BAC than a heavier person

103
Q

metabolism: how can you speed up metabolism of alcohol

A

you cant speed up rate of metabolism

104
Q

mechanisms of action - lose does and high dose

A

enhances the inhibitory effect of GABA
- at high doses it blocks glutamate
- at low doses

105
Q

serotonin and dopamine MAO enzyme

A

alcohol effect serotonin receptor
- interferes with MAO enzyme (increases concentration of serotonin and norepinephrine and interferes with frontal lobe functioning

106
Q

behavioral effects of alcohol

A

mood changes can include: euphoria, reduced anxiety, reduced inhibitions

107
Q

BAC and behavioral effects

A

increase when BAC increases

108
Q

alcohol use and social signal alcohol myopia

A

behavioral effects - increases sexual behavior
-blackout
-crime and violence

alcohol myopia - intoxicated individuals focus on the here and now, with little care for future consequences

109
Q

acute physiological toxicity

A

overdose - drinking to pass out

110
Q

overdose

A

alcohol poisoning

111
Q

what to do it someone drinks enough to pass out

A

place them on their side and monitor breathing

112
Q

long term risks and effects of alcohol use

A

brain tissue lose and intellectual impairment
liver disease
heart disease
cancer
impaired immunity

113
Q

withdrawal stages

A

stage 1 - tremors, rapid heartbeat, hypertension, heavy sweating, loss of appetite, insomnia
stage 2 - hallucinations (auditory, visual, and tactile)
stage 3 - delusions, disorientation, delirium
stage 4 - seizures and death

114
Q

paranoid psychosis

A

the higher risk among those who inject or smoke the drug risk of developing movement disorders like Parkinson’s disease

integrative seminar (7 decks)

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