quiz 3 Flashcards
stimulants
substances that keep a person going
-cocaine, caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines
history of cocaine
coca - bush that grows in the Andes and produces cocaine
- natives chewed coca leaves to give them greater strength and endurance
four forms of cocaine
- coca paste - crude extract created during the manufacture of cocaine
- cocaine hydrochloride - the most common form of pure cocaine
- freebase - prepared as a chemical base, can be heated and vapors and inhaled
- crack or rock - lumps, fried smokable cocaine, prepared by making cocaine with water and baking soda
the “rat park study”
rats were less likely to self-administer drugs than those in dull, isolated cages
46 states did what between 1887 and 1914
regulated control over cocaine
unsubstantiated racist claims and 1914 harrison act
cocaine use among southern african american increased widespread usage of cocaine and associated with increased violent crime
contemporary legal controls on cocaine
1960 - use began to increase
before 1985 - cocaine hydrochloride most available (snorted) however it was expensive and associated with status wealth and fame
1985 - inexpensive form of smokeable cocaine became available
anti-drug abuse acts of 1986 and 1988
establishes penalties for crack sale/possession more severe than penalties for powder sale
penalties to powder/crack possession
-crack more severe than cocaine
fair sentencing act of 2010
reduced penalties for crack cocaine offenses to produce an 18-1 crack to powder drug quantity ratio
mechanism of action of cocaine
chemical structure does not tell us how or why cocaine affects the brain
cocaine administration
chewing or sucking coca leaves - slow absorption and onset of effects
snorting - absorption through nasal membranes - rapid onset
injected - rapid and brief effects
smoked - rapid and brief effects - fastest
beneficial uses of cocaine and related chemicals
-local anesthesia
-used medically since 1884
-early application were in eye surgery and dentistry
- still used for nasal, laryngeal and esophagus surgery in US
cocaine elimination
eliminated by enzymes in the blood and liver
- half-life of about an hour
cocaethylene
cocaine mixed with alcohol makes this
acute toxicity of cocaine
profound SNS stimulation, which can lead to cardiac or respiratory arrest
- crack usage can cause brain hemorrage
chronic toxicity of cocaine
risks of regularly snorting cocaine
- affects nasal septum, tics, damage to heart muscle
formication
hallucinated of body infested with vermin
dependence of cocaine
powerful withdrawal - anxiety, depression, craving
- most with inject or smoking
cardiomyopathy
affects the heart muscle and causes the heart to lose its ability to pump blood well
crack babies - what happened to them?
babies born when their mothers smoked crack during the pregnancy
- come out already addicted
cocaine: current use and future trends
1.5% of adults currently use
20% of people who try cocaine become dependent
amphetamines history
new synthesized chemicals similar to ephedrine were patented in 1932
- medically used to treat asthma, narcolepsy, hyperactivity in children
appetite suppressant by both sides of WII
amphetamine used to increase stamina
- meth for japenese
- benzedrine for americans
pervitin
german soldiers used this to increase stamina
what is a “speedball” and why is it dangerous
amphetamine/cocaine + heroin injected together
speed scene in San Francisco
manufacture of methamphetamine
it is dangerous to make, creates toxic fumes and residue
recent legislation in minnesota (precursor medicine)
medicine moved to behind the counter
- hope to result in drop in meth making
amphetamine pharmacology
infiltrates neuron, taken up: causes increased activity of Dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin by stimulating their release
amphetamine structure and mechanism of action
stimulant that functions by increasing the amounts of dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin in the synaptic cleft
amphetamine absorption and elimination
rapidly absorbed after oral administration
4-6 hours
rapid tolerance
tolerance that develops faster within uses
beneficial uses of amphetamine
stimulant medications can reverse catecholamine associated frontal deficits that may underlie ADHD
amphetamine acute toxicity
increases in feeling power, suspicion, paranoia, and potential risk of violent behavior
“meth mouth” what causes it?
results not from cotaminents in meth but a combination of dry mouth, neglect, and bruxism
bruxism
grinding of teeth
what is defined as the drug with the greatest dependence-producing potential
amphetamines - potent reinforcer
bath salt drugs
cathinone -stimulant derived from khat
mephedrone - similar to cocaine/amphetamine
methylone - similar to ecstasy
alpha-pvp - flakka
depressants and inhalants
depressants - slow activity in CNS usually through agonist GABA effects
inhalants - volatile solvents and other compounds can have depressant effects similar to sedatives
how do depressants decrease brain activity
slows CNS
to be “shanghai’ed” means?
to kidnap or trick them into working for you
paraldehyde - what is it and why is it used?
used for alcoholism
- noxious taste - hot burning taste
bromides
sleep agent in patent medicines
barbiturates - quick and slow-acting
low dose long acting forms - daytime relief of anxiety
higher doses shorter acting forms - used to induce sleep
red devils/ dolls
secobarbital
-sedative sleep pill
- benzodiazepine replaced thia
pentobarbital
short-acting barbiturate sedative
amobarbital
truth serum,
wada test
helps your treatment team determine which side of your brain is dominant for language and which is for memory
shellshock
amobarbital
butabarbital
short term treatment for insomnia
mephobarbital and penobarbital
anti seizure sedative
benzodiazepines - adverse effects
what is zolpidem used for and what is it linked to
used to induce sleep but linked to sleepwalking
flunitrazepam - why is it so infmaous? what changes have made it safer?
nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics
target GABA receptor
better sleeping pills than anti-anxiety drug
beneficial uses of benzo
treating anxiety and related mental health conditions as well as brain conditions like seizures
oxytocin - potential used to treat
therapy vs pills - insurance coverage
therapy might not be covered by insurance by pills are more likely to
benzos for sleep
short acting - flurazepam
falling asleep without pills
regular sleep schedule
turn down lights gradually throughout the evening
exercise
reduce noise
eat light snack before bed
avoid tobacco
avoid napping
avoid use of sleeping pills
benzos as anticonvulsants
administered to someone with seizure disorder
problem with hyponotics
tolerance and finding a dose that is effective but doesn’t cause excessive drowsiness and abrupt withdrawal can cause seizures
concerns for depressants
psychological dependence
physical dependence
barbiturate vs benzodiazepine withdrawal
barbiturate - anxiety, insomnia, weakness, nausea, vomiting, seizures
benzodiazepine - anxiety, irritability, insomnia
cross dependence
barbiturates, benzodiazepines and alcohol
patterns of abuse - younger and older
typical users are - older adults using prescribers drugs, and tolerance develops does increase
younger people obtain drugs to get high, may take high doses or mix with alcohol
volatile solvents
liquids that easily vaporize into gas and when inhaled can cause a state of intoxication and long-term nerve and organ damage
petroleum, acetone, tolune
- paint, paint thinner, nail polish remover, correction fluid, glue
anesthetics
nitrous oxide
current and former medical anesthetics
nitrites
amyl, butyl
rush and popperss
nitrous oxide and nitrous balloons
laughing gas
light anestsia
what converts b12 to be inactive
- linked to B12 deficiency
nitrous oxide
nitrities - “poppers” associated with interpersonal activity
short term euphoria to enhance please of sex
- reduce blood pressure in the brain
volatile solvents: dangers
kidney damage, brain damage, peripheral nerve damage, muscle damage, severe headache and death by suffocation is possible
what category of drug is alcohol
nitrites
fermentation
production of alcohol from sugars through the action of yeasts
fruits + yeast =
increases fermentation
what has to be done with grains before they can be used for fermentation
starch must be converted to sugar by malting before fermentation can begin
yeast has a limited tolerance for alcohol - what percent ethanol kills it
about 15% of yeast dies and fermentation ceases
distillation
evaporation of alcohol vapora = beverages with alcohol content higher than 15%
how did distillation help make money in the us and europe
proof of alcohol drinks
twice the percentage of alcohol by weight
who sells the most beer in the US
anheuser-busch and miller
distilled spirits
grain neutral spirits - clear and nearly pure alcohol
congeners - good and bad
minor compounds other than ethanol that occur naturally in alcohol beverages as a result of distilling and fermenting processes.
- higher the congeners the more likely the hangover
alcohol use: before American Revolution and after
before - people drank more alcoholic beverages than plain water
what was the first “demonized” by the public
rum
temperance movement
promoted using things in moderation
benjamin rush (1745-1813)
found that heavy drinking = health problems, alcohol damages and addiction disease
temperance societies - early and later
initially promoted abstinence from distilled spirits and moderate consumption of beer and wine
later, promoted total abstinence because of beer/wine association with lower class immigrant groups
role of women in the temperance movement
made the movement to become totally abstinent of alcohol
- religious movement
speakeasies and patent medications
speakeasies - place where alcohol was illegally sold
patent medications - medicine sold over the counter with prescription
prohibition
made alcohol illegal
18th amendment
banning sale of alcohol
Canadian border - “rum fleets”
illegal business of smuggling alcoholic beverages where such transportation is forbidden by law
organized crime - what happened to it as a result of prohibition
became more organized and profitable
why was prohibition repealed
The beginning of the Great Depression, and the prospect of new jobs and tax revenue from legalized alcohol triggered a groundswell of political support for repeal
21st amendment
repeal of prohibition
drinking ages and highway funds
The National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 required all states to raise their minimum purchase and public possession of alcohol age to 21. States that did not comply faced a reduction in highway funds under the Federal Highway Aid Act.
federal and state taxes and licensing fees and price of distilled spirit
about half of the price of a distilled spirit
when taxes go up, consumption goes down
regional differences in the US in drinking alcohol
high in Nevada and Alaska, wisconsin
low: iowa, Nebraska, utah, Mississippi
gender differences in drinking
men are more likely to drink more than females
absorption of alcohol
- some in the stomach, most of the small intestine
alcohol dehydrogenase and stomach contents
- alcohol dehydrogenase in the stomach deactivates some alcohol before it enters the blood stream
-slower if there is food or water in the stomach
-more alcohol is absorbed in the presence of carbonated beverages
BAC and how is it measured
what is legally drunk?
alcohol distribution in body tissues
less distributed in fatty tissues - a lean person will have a lower BAC than a heavier person
metabolism: how can you speed up metabolism of alcohol
you cant speed up rate of metabolism
mechanisms of action - lose does and high dose
enhances the inhibitory effect of GABA
- at high doses it blocks glutamate
- at low doses
serotonin and dopamine MAO enzyme
alcohol effect serotonin receptor
- interferes with MAO enzyme (increases concentration of serotonin and norepinephrine and interferes with frontal lobe functioning
behavioral effects of alcohol
mood changes can include: euphoria, reduced anxiety, reduced inhibitions
BAC and behavioral effects
increase when BAC increases
alcohol use and social signal alcohol myopia
behavioral effects - increases sexual behavior
-blackout
-crime and violence
alcohol myopia - intoxicated individuals focus on the here and now, with little care for future consequences
acute physiological toxicity
overdose - drinking to pass out
overdose
alcohol poisoning
what to do it someone drinks enough to pass out
place them on their side and monitor breathing
long term risks and effects of alcohol use
brain tissue lose and intellectual impairment
liver disease
heart disease
cancer
impaired immunity
withdrawal stages
stage 1 - tremors, rapid heartbeat, hypertension, heavy sweating, loss of appetite, insomnia
stage 2 - hallucinations (auditory, visual, and tactile)
stage 3 - delusions, disorientation, delirium
stage 4 - seizures and death
paranoid psychosis
the higher risk among those who inject or smoke the drug risk of developing movement disorders like Parkinson’s disease
