quiz 2 book Flashcards
3 concerns of people selling drugs
- toxicity: drug dealers can be endangering people by selling dangerous chemicals without labeling them or putting warnings on them
- addiction: some sellers can victimizing and jeopardize their health by selling them
- crime: drug users can be seen as a threat to public safety attitude became widespread that addictive individuals would commit crimes
chronic drug use
results from long term exposure and can be present whether or not it is in their system or not
acute
short term use or effects of the drug in a single administration
behavioral toxicity
refers to the fact that a drug can be toxic because it impairs behaviors and amplifies the danger level of many activities
-ex, effect on alcohol on driving
opiods
codeine, heroin, hydrocodone, morphine, methadone, oxycodone and fentanyl
synthetic opioids
fentanyl, fentanyl analogs, and tramadol
issue with single overdose death involving multi drugs
it can be counted as more than one death leading to overstatement
what diseases are transmitted through sharing needles
HIV, AIDS, Hep B, hep C
social determinants of health
conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age that shape their health
harm reduction approach
this approach recognizes that despite efforts to control drug use there will still be users and others
-ex. underage drinking in college, we know its wrong but we continue to do it and the school cant stop it so they just teach us be safe
tolerance
repeated exposure to the same dose of the drug results in a lesser effect
physical dependence
the presence of a consistent set of symptoms when the use of a drug is stopped
withdrawal syndrome
a set of symptoms that occur reliably when someone stops taking a drug; also called abstinence syndrome
psychological dependence
indicated by a high rate of drug use, craving for the drug and tendency of relapse after stopping use
psychiatric diagnosis of substance use disorders- least 2 of the following occurring in 12 months
- substance is often taken in larger amounts or over a longer period than it was intended
- there is a persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control substance use
- a great deal of time is spent on activities necessary to obtain the substance
- craving or a strong desire or urge to use the substance
- recurrent substance use failing to fulfill major role obligations
- continued substance uses despite having persistent or recurrent social or interpersonal problems caused by exacerbated by the effects of the substance
- important social, occupational or recreational activities are given up or reduced
- recurrent substance use in physically hazardous situations
- substance use is continued despite knowing or having recurrent psychological problems that are likely to have been caused
- tolerance
- withdrawal, manifested as the characteristics withdrawal syndrome for the substance or the substance is taken to relieve or avoid withdrawal symptoms
personality
a complex set of attributes and attitudes that develop over time, partly as a result of particular experiences
what traits are associated with greater risk for abuse of stimulants such as amphetamine or cocaine
sensation-seeking and impulsivity
biopsychosocial perspective of drug addiction
addiction might be related to dysfunction of biology, personality, social interactions
what does psychedelic PCP do
disorientation and blocks pain
drugs may cause crimes
- crimes carried out to obtain money
- A person is under influence of drugs
- drugs change the individual’s personality in a lasting way
- illict drug use is a crime - represents the top reason people are arrested in the US
1906 pure food and drugs act prohibited
prohibited the manufacture, sale, or transportation of adulterated or misbranded or poisonous or delirious foods, drugs or medicines and liquors
meat inspection act
banned the sale of adulterer or misbranded meat and meat products and it required livestock to be slaughtered and processed under sanitary conditions
1914 Harrison Narcotics Act
taxed and regulation the production, importation and distribution of opium and coca products
where was the 1914 harrison narcotics act administered through
treasury department
where was the meat inspection act administered through
department of agriculture
when was prohibition ratified
1918
what was the period between 1890 and 1920 called
the nadir
patent medicines
proprietary medicines, originally medicines that were treated as inventions and patents in great britian = later came to refer to medicines sold directly to the public
great American fraud
colliers magazine culminated aggressive series titled “great American fraud”
who made coca cola
John Pemberton when they prohibited alcohol and he changed the ingredients to sugar syrup and carbonated water
- cocaine was the main ingredient
meat inspection act
banned the sale of adulterer or misbranded meat and meat products and it required livestock to be slaughtered and processed under sanitary conditions
1938 food, drug, and cometic act
federal law that now recognized a difference between drugs that could sold over the counter and prescription-only drugs
what did the 1938 food, drug, and cosmetic act change
changed the role of the FDA from testing and challenging some of the drugs already being sold to that of a gatekeeper, which must review every drug before its market
2. requires companies to conduct safety research before marketing a new drug greatly reduced the likelihood of the new drugs being introduced by small companies run by untrained people
1962 kefauver harris amendement
added requirements that companies seek approval for any testing to be done with humans before clinical trials are conducted
FDA 1 phase of clinical investigation
- encompasses uncontrolled studies that test the new drug in health research
- researchers are interested in learning how the drug work in the human body and the side effects of certain dosages
- takes several months to complete
FDA 2 phase of clinical investigation
involves patients who have the condition the candidate drug that is designed to treat
- provides additional safety information
- takes 2 studies take several months to 2 years to complete
3rd phase of FDA clinical investigation
administers the drugs to larger numbers of individuals afflicted with the disease for which the drug is intended
- designed to determine whether the drug offers a treatment benefit to the target population
- takes 1 to 4 years to compete - only 25% make it to this stage
prescription drug user fee act
law authorized the FDA to collect fees from pharmaceutical companies upon submitting a new drug application
orphan drug act
this law created incentives for developing medications to treat rare disease
fast track FDA
the fda can approve medications to treat serious conditions and illnesses with no current treatment on the basis of phase two studies alone
priority review
fda commits to reviewing new priority drug applications within 6 months
accelerated approval
program that allows for the approval of drugs - used to treat serious conditions whose treatment is not adequately addressed by existing therapies
breakthrough therapy
a program intended to expedite the approval of drugs that demonstrates substantial improvement over current treatments
schedule 1 drugs
physicians are not allowed to prescribe these drugs
- high potential for abuse
- lack of accepted safety for use under medical superivison
- heroin, marijuana, ecstasy
what schedule is the most restrictive
schedule 1
which schedules are are available by prescription
2-5
schedule 2
currently accepted medical use, abuse may lead to severe psychological or physical dependence
- morphine, cocaine, methamphetamine
schedule 3
less potential for abuse, accepted medical use, abuse may lead to moderate physical dependence
- anabolic steroids
schedule 4
low potential for abuse, accepted medical abuse, less potential for dependence
- ambien, xanax
schedule 5
lowest potential for abuse, less potential for dependence
- mixtures small amounts of codeine or opium
what chemical signals are in the body are important for maintaining homeostasis
hormones and neurotransmitters
what system is damaged in Parkinsons disease
leading to muscular rigidity and tremors
is the neurotransmitter GABA inhibitory or excitatory
inhibitory
first pass metabolism
phenomenon whereby the concentration of an orally administered drug is greatly reduced before it reaches the systemic blood circulation
only lipid-soluble substances can pass through the ___
capillary wall
drug disposition tolerance
use of a drug increases the drugs rates of metabolism or excretion
behavioral tolerance
the drug may continue to have the same biochemical effect but with a reduced effect on behavior
pharmacodynamic tolerance
leads to not only a reduced effectiveness of the drug but also to withdrawal reactions
cell body
contains the processes that maintain the life of a neuron
dendrites
main mechanism through which incoming signals from other neurons are recieved
axon
specializes in transmitting signals to other neurons
axon terminals
located at the end of the bulbous structures
whee are neurotransmitters sotred
in terminals in small round packages known as synaptic vesicles
myelin
white fatty substance that is wrapped around the axons of some neurons to form a myelin sheath which increases the information processing speed of these neurons
ions channels
allows electrically charge particles called ions to move inside a cell
more K ___ cell and more NA and CL ___
inside, outside
somatic system
peripheral nerves carry sensory information into the central nervous system and carry motor info back out
acetylcholine
receptors that excite the muscle
autonomic nervous system
regulates the visceral or involuntary functions of the body such as heart rate and blood pressure
-splits into parasympathetic and sympathetic
parasympathetic
rest and digest
-acetylcholine neurotransmitter is at the end organ
sympathetic
fight or flight
- norepinephrine is neurotransmitter at the end of the organ
what is Ldopa used for
fast acting dopamine that relieves parkinsons syndrome
does GABA inhibit or excite
inhibite
glutamate
brains excitatory neurotransmitter
hypothalamus
involved in feeding, drinking, temperature, regulation and sexual behavior
limbic system
consists of a number of connected structures that are involved in emotion memory or location and level of physical activity
area postrema
vomiting center
- when detects foreign substance in blood it induces vomiting
Agonist
mimicking the action of the neurotransmitter and directly activating the receptor
antagonist
occupying the receptor and preventing the neurotransmitter from activating it
4 humors
blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile
MRI
can tell you shape of the brain but not how well the brain is functioning
PET
chemical injection into the bloodstream and scanning device maps out the amounts of the chemical in various brain regions
Fmri
measures blood oxygen level-dependent signal which can be used to create a colored statistical map of the brain regions active during activity
