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quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

physical dependence

A

the body is adapted to the presence of the drug
- if drug use is stopped withdrawal symptoms occur

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2
Q

what comes first - tolerance or physical dependence

A

tolerance

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3
Q

psychological or behavioral dependence

A

craving, tendency to relapse after stopping use

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4
Q

how is behavior maintained

A

by negative reinforcement

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5
Q

early medical model

A

true addiction involves physical dependence. the key is the treatment of withdrawal symptoms

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6
Q

positive reinforcement model

A

drugs can reinforce behavior without physical withdrawal - users will say they take drugs because they enjoy using them or it decreases negative symptoms so they want to continue using it

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7
Q

psychiatric diagnosis of substance use disorders

A

a problematic pattern of substance use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress

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8
Q

dsm 5 tr substance use disorder

A

2 of 11 symptoms within 12 months
- using more for longer than planned
- inability to stop
- substantial time
-cravings
- inability to meet obligations,
- knowing they have a problem
- giving up other activities because of use
- using despite risk and harm, -using despite knowledge that substance is causing problems
- tolerance
- withdrawal

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9
Q

for a diagnosis you need

A

9 behavioral symptoms
2 physiological symptoms (doesnt need to be present to receive diagnosis )

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10
Q

is dependence caused by the substance or the method used to do substance

A

the method used

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11
Q

biopsychosocial perspective

A

dependence is related to dysfunction of biology, personality, and social interactions - biology, genetics, social, and psychological factors

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12
Q

why do we regulate drugs

A

to protect society from the dangers of some types of drug use = legitimate social purpose

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13
Q

reformism -

A

legislation from the early 1900s
racist fears about deviant behaviors
laws were developed to regulate undesirable behaviors and people

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14
Q

when was the first drug law that forbidded the sale of alcohol to native Americans

A

1830

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15
Q

issues leading to legislation

A

fraud in patent medicines - exotic names and ingredients, false therapeutic claims, some ingredients designed to hint at medicinal effects, habit forming drugs

  1. 7up originally contained lithium citrate and was marked as hangover cure
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16
Q

muckraking journalism

A

focuses on what people have done wrong

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17
Q

the great American fraud

A

attacking patent medicines and their makers

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18
Q

drugs associated with outcast groups

A

opium smoking brought to the US by chinese workers, cocaine-associated with southern african americans

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19
Q

1906 pure food and drug act

A

required accurate labeling and listing of ingredients

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20
Q

caveat emptor

A

let the buyer beware, side effects weren’t the producers problems but yours
- this led to the pure food and drug act

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21
Q

the pure food and drug act lead to

A

changes in technology and the market = more foreign products, mass production led to dangerous business practices

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22
Q

sellers of medicine had a _____ legislation that released them from ___

A

red clause
advertising contracts in case of legislation

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23
Q

Harrison act of 1914

A

a law that required those who dealt with opiates/coca to register and pay tax

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24
Q

problems with Harrison act of 1914

A

other countries demanded that if you wanted to control opium you had to control other drugs as well

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25
Q

what did the Harrison act of 1914

A

it enacted to secure favored trade status with China, which wanted to reduce opium importation

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26
Q

who is the pure food and drugs act run by

A

the US department of agriculture

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27
Q

who is the Harrison act run by

A

by the US treasury

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28
Q

regulation of pharmaceuticals = purity

A

contents of the product must be accurately noted

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29
Q

1912 sherly amendment

A

outlawed false fraudulent therapeutic claims on labels
ex: brand fraud

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30
Q

1938 food drug and cosmetic act

A

required pre-market testing for toxicity companies are required to submit a new drug application to the FDA

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31
Q

regulation of pharmaceuticals

A

purity, safety, effectiveness

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32
Q

regulation of pharmaceuticals = safety

A

there originally was no requirement that medications by safe

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33
Q

regulation of pharmaceuticals= effectiveness

A

advertising must include information about adverse reactions
- every new drug must be demonstrated to be effective for the illness mentioned on the label

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34
Q

1962 kefauver-harris amendments to FDCA

A

spurred on the thalidomide tragedy and marketing to ineffective products

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35
Q

marketing a new drug

A
  1. preclinical research and development
  2. clinical research and development
  3. permission to market - could require 10+ years to do this
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36
Q

phases a marketing a new drug

A

phase 1 - small doses, healthy volunteers
phase 2 - small number of patients
phase 3 - a larger number of patients

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37
Q

orphan act drug

A

tax and other financial incentives for developing drugs for a rare disease

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38
Q

prescription drug marketing act of 1988

A

regulation of free samples and reimportation of drugs - establishes a legal framework for the safe and effective distribution of prescription drugs

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39
Q

1997 FDA modernization act

A

guidelines for post-marketing reporting
- allows an applicant for market approval for new drug to use methods other than animal testing to establish the drug’s safety and effectiveness

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40
Q

off labeling using

A

use for which drug may be prescribed but for which it has not been formally approved

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41
Q

dietary supplements

A

regulated more food than drugs
labels must be accurate
must contain a warning that claims are unverified by the FDA
products can be marketed without first proving safety

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42
Q

18th amendment

A

prohibition from alcohol to narcotics

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43
Q

jones miller act 1922

A

more than doubled penalties for dealing illegally imported drugs
- users came to prefer the most potent opioids

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44
Q

drug czar

A

harry Anslinger held this post for 30 years, enforcer of drug laws, influential on drug legislation

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45
Q

marijuana tax act

A

meant legal control of marijuana similar to cocaine/opiates

46
Q

1956 narcotic drug control act

A

making the cultivation, production, preparation, manufacture, export, import, purchase, possession, sale, and consumption of most abused drugs illegal

47
Q

drug abuse control act amendments of 1965

A

the bureau faced widespread disregard of drug laws by youth counterculture
-added new classes of drugs - amphetamines, barbiturates, hallucinogens

48
Q

prevention and control act of 1970

A

replaced all previous laws - drugs controlled under federal jurisdiction
- direct control of drugs, not control through taxation

49
Q

who is responsible for drug law enforcement

A

attorney general

50
Q

who makes recommendations for which drugs to control

A

health and human services

51
Q

possession penalties

A

imprisonment/fines or prohibition

52
Q

selling penalties

A

mandatory minimum sentences

53
Q

drug precursors

A

chemicals or supplies used to make drugs

54
Q

1984 drug analog act

A

designed to deal with designer drugs

55
Q

1988 omnibus drug act

A

death penality for “kingpins” forfeiture of property and federal benefits

56
Q

1996 comprehensive methamphetamines control act

A

restricted access to equipment and chemicals for making meth

57
Q

neurons

A

nerve cells that analyze and transmit information
- stimulation of neurons by psychoactive drugs can excite or inhibit a neuron

58
Q

4 regions of a nerve cell

A
  1. dendrite
  2. cell body
  3. axon
  4. axon terminals
59
Q

dendrite

A

inputs messages into the neuron cell body

60
Q

cell body

A

houses the nucleus

61
Q

axon

A

a threadlike extension of a neuron that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body

62
Q

axon terminal

A

end part of an axon that makes synaptic contact with another cell

63
Q

action potential

A

electrical impulse that travels down the axon to terminal buttons

64
Q

ion

A

electrically charged particles
- NA and K

65
Q

are there more NA ions inside or outside

A

outside

66
Q

synapse

A

junctions between the axon of the sender and the dendrite of the receiver

67
Q

neurotransmitter

A

chemicals move across synaptic gaps bind to receptor sites, then detach they are taken up again by sending axon -reuptake

68
Q

excitatory neurotransmitters

A

increase the probability of firing

69
Q

inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

decrease the probability of firing

70
Q

dopamine

A

movement, drug use reinforcement “survival signal”

71
Q

what do lower levels of dopamine lead to

A

parkinsons

72
Q

nigrostriatal pathway

A

muscle movement
- the pathway that stretches between Substantia nigra to the striatum

73
Q

mesolimbic dopamine pathway

A

stretches from ventral tegmental area to the nucleus accumbens - every drug of abuse causes DOP activity here

74
Q

acetylcholine

A

involved in learning and memory
found in the cerebral cortex
nucleus basalis - created here

75
Q

what is acetylcholine involved in

A

learning and memory - decreases in this is linked to Alzheimers disease

76
Q

norepinephrine

A

fight or flight
regulates the level of arousal and attentiveness
-digestion slows down with high state of stress

77
Q

serotonin

A

may have a role in regulating impulsivity, aggression, depression, control of food intake

78
Q

what kind of drugs influence serotonin pathways?

A

hallucinogenic drugs

79
Q

where is serotonin made

A

raphe nuclei

80
Q

GABA

A

inhibitory neurotransmitter - shuts down areas of the brain - alcohol, depressants

found in most regions of the brain

81
Q

glutamate

A

primary excitatory
- found in most of regions of the brain but dont want too much of it because it can destroy neurons = excitotoxicity

82
Q

endorphines

A

opium-like class of drugs of chemicals occurring naturally in the brain - regulate pain/pleasure
“runners high”

83
Q

endocannabinoids

A

regulate several bodily functions such as sleep, mood, appetite, learning, memory, body temperature, pain, immune functions and fertility

84
Q

the life cycle of a neurotransmitter 7 steps

A
  1. neurotransmitter
  2. uptake
  3. synthesis
  4. storage
  5. release
  6. binding
  7. metabolism
85
Q

neurotransmitters

A

precursors are found circulating in the blood supply and in the brain
- brain turns L-DOPA into dopamine when given

86
Q

uptake

A

selected precursors are taken up by cells

87
Q

synthesis

A

precursors are synthesized into neurotransmitters through the action of enzymes

88
Q

storage

A

neurotransmitters are stored in synaptic vesicles near the terminal from which they will be released

89
Q

released

A

when the action potential arrives, neurotransmitters are released into the synapse

90
Q

binding

A

released neurotransmitters bind with receptors on the membrane of the post synaptic cell

91
Q

metabolism

A

once a signal has been sent, neurotransmitters are removed from the synapse

92
Q

drug actions

A

alter neurotransmitter availability in the synapse through actions on synthesis, storage, release, reuptake or metabolism

  • antidepressants block reuptake of dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine
93
Q

agonist

A

mimics the action of neurotransmitters by activating the receptor

94
Q

antagonist

A

occupies the receptor and prevents the neurotransmitter from activating it (blocks it )

95
Q

inverse agonist

A

occupied the receptor but produces an opposite effect relative to the neurotransmitter

96
Q

inhalation

A

drugs move faster from the lungs into the bloodstream through capillary walls
-effects are rapid

97
Q

topical application

A

absorption through the skin and can provide slow steady drug delivery

98
Q

THC

A

high affinity, slow and steady effect, slowly removed from the blood

99
Q

ethanol

A

low affinity, rapid effect, quickly removed from the blood
= primarily exists as unbound in the body

100
Q

blood brain barrier

A

only lipid soluble substance can pass through lipid bilayer surrounding brain capillaries

101
Q

what increases the difficulty of passing through blood brain barrier

A

capillaries covered with glial cells

102
Q

active transports systems

A

molecules that are in the blood brain barrier that bind to chemicals (chemicals need active transport systems to be able to cross the blood brain barrier

103
Q

drugs may alter the availability of a neurotransmitter by changing

A
  1. rate of synthesis
  2. metabolism (MAOIs- wipe out neurotransmitters that normally break down enzymes)
  3. release (methamphetamine)
  4. reuptake (prozac, cocaine)
104
Q

why is meth so addictive

A

works directly on the reward center

meth mimics dopamine and is picked up by dopamine receptors and overload causes dopamine to be pushed out into the synapse

105
Q

drug deactivation

A

happens when the drug is excreted unchanged from the body or is chemically changed

106
Q

key drug metabolizing liver enzymes

A

CYP450
the resulting metabolite no longer has the same action as the drug and can be excreted by the kidneys

107
Q

tolerance enzyme induction

A

when the bodys cell detect the foreign drug, triggers the production of more of the specific metabolizing enzyme

108
Q

asian flush

A

body converts ethanol to acetaldehyde at a rapid rate but does nor convert acetaldehyde quickly

109
Q

drug disposition tolerance

A

occurs when repeated doses of a drug result in accelerated metabolism

110
Q

behavioral tolerance

A

the drug may have the same biochemical effect but a reduced behavioral effect

111
Q
A

integrative seminar (7 decks)

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