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Bio Eng Quiz 2 and 3 > Quiz 3 - Pt. 1 How Cellular Information is Altered > Flashcards

Quiz 3 - Pt. 1 How Cellular Information is Altered Flashcards

1
Q

We can alter cells by using ______ or genetic engineering. ______ is subjecting the cells to stress causing changes in the genetic make-up.

A

mutation

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2
Q

________ is the purposeful transfer of DNA from one type of organism to another.

A

Genetic Engineering`

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3
Q

mistakes in the genetic code (can arise from replication and/or damage)

A

Mutations

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4
Q

organism with a genetic mutation

A

Mutant

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5
Q

the organism without the genetic organism

A

Wild type

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6
Q

genetic construction of an organism

A

Genotype

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7
Q

characteristics expressed by an organisms.

A

Phenotype

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8
Q

usually refers to transcription+translation+posttranslation processing

A

Expression

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9
Q

EXAMPLE:

  • Strain A has the tol operon for toluene degradation, and is in a reactor growing on glucose.
  • Strain B has the tol operon for toluene degradation, and is in a reactor growing on toluene.
  • These strains have the same _____, but ________
A

genotype
different phenotypes

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10
Q

base change may or may not result in an amino acid change

A

Consequences

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11
Q

If the amino acid is the same as before the mutation there is ________.

A

no consequence

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12
Q

If the amino acid is different, but not in the region of the ______active site, there may be no consequences.

A

active site

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13
Q

If the mutation is in the active site, there may be some _______________

A

enzyme activity consequence

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14
Q

If the mutation changes the amino acid to a stop codon, the resulting protein will be _______ and probably ________.

A

truncated and probably not active

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15
Q

confers upon the mutant an advantage for growth, survival or detection under a set of environmental conditions that the wild type does not have.

A

Selectable mutation

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16
Q

Examples of Selectable Mutation or Selection

A
  • Antibiotic resistance
  • Ability to grow on toluene
  • Inability toproduce lysine
  • Ability to produce bioluminescence
  • Ability to produce more of an enzyme
  • Inability to grow at higher temperatures
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17
Q

Natural Mutation Rates
* 10^-3 - 10^-9 =
* 10^-6 =

A

mutations per cell conversion
1 mutation/1,000,000 divisions

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18
Q

Increase Mutation Rates
____ : chemicals, radiation
_________ (i.e. lots of divisions)

A

Mutagens
Lots of growth

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19
Q

Why do we want to increase mutations?

  • We want a cell to develop ____________ that are _______ for us.
  • For example, ________ inhibition of lysine to increase lysine production
A
  • specific characteristics, advantages
  • removing feed back
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20
Q

uptake of free DNA by a cell. The cell membrane has to be permeable to DNA.

A

Transformation

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21
Q

DNA is carried into the call in a phage.

A

Transduction

22
Q

Cell to cell transfer of DNA. Also called mating.

A

Conjugation

23
Q

Once the DNA is inside the cell it can remain ______ from the chromosome in _______ plasmid, or _____ into the chromosome.

To _____, the DNA must be _________ to the chromosomal DNA on the ends.

A

separate
self replicating
Integrate

integrate
complementary

24
Q

Using ___________ engineers and microbiologists were able to increase penicillin from 0.001 g/L to 50 g/L

A

mutation and selection

25
Q

Genetic Engineering:

Using _______ to purposefully manipulate DNA. The DNA is ________ outside of the cell, and then sent into the cell

A

natural mechanisms
manipulated

26
Q

Genetic Engineering Tools

A

Restriction enzymes
Gel electrophoresis (Southern Blot)
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Plasmid

27
Q

enzymes that cut DNA Restriction enzymesat specific sequences. Different enzymes will cut at different sequences.

A

Restriction enzymes

28
Q

A method to detect what sizes of DNA a sample contains.

A

Gel electrophoresis (Southern Blot)

29
Q

A process used to make many copies of a piece of DNA.

A

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

30
Q

self replicating, circular piece of DNA that can survive in a cell.

A

Plasmid

31
Q

DNA is denatured by ______
Renaturation on ______

A

heating
cooling

32
Q

The ______ cuts both DNA strands at the same site.

DNA fragments join at ______

And Formed a ________

A

enzyme
sticky ends
Recombinant DNA

33
Q

Organism from which derived:

  1. Anabaena Variabilis
  2. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens
  3. Bacillus globigii
  4. Escherichia coli RY 13
  5. Escherichia coli R245
  6. Haemophilus aegyptius
  7. Haemophilus haemolyticus
  8. Haemophilus inflenzae RD
  9. Haemophilus parainflanzae

What are the Enzyme called?

A

Enzyme:
1. Ava I
2. Bam HI
3. Bgl II
4. ECO RI
4. ECO RII
5. Hae III
6. Hha I
7. Hind III
9. Hpa I

34
Q

Organism from which derived:

  1. Klebsiella pneumoniae
  2. Moraxella bovis
  3. Moraxella bovis
  4. Providencia stuartii
  5. Serratia marcescens
  6. Streptomyces albus G
  7. Thermophilus aquaticus
  8. Xanthamonas malvecearum
    What are the Enzyme called?
A

Enzyme:

  1. Kpn I
  2. Mbo I
  3. Pst I
  4. Sma I
  5. SstI
  6. Sal I
  7. Taq I
  8. Xma I
35
Q

A restriction enzyme with a ___________ recognition sequence cuts long DNA more frequently and produce smaller _______________than a restriction enzymes with a six nucleotide recognition sequence.

A

four nucleotide
DNA fragments

36
Q

Any given ____________ occurs in DNA, on average, at a distance of _____ (4^4) nucleotides. Any given _________________ occurs, on average, at a distance of _____ (4^6) nucleotides. Any given eight nucleotide long sequence occurs, on average, at a distance of _____ (4^8) nucleotides

A
  • four nucleotide long recognition site
  • 256
  • 4096
  • 5536
37
Q

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) allows scientists to __________ bits of microbial DNA from samples, meaning they don’t need to find and grow _______.

PCR is an essential element in DNA ________ and in the sequencing of ________. Basically, it’s like a technique to photocopy pieces of DNA. In a matter of a few hours, a single DNA sequence can be amplified to ________ of copies. PCR lets scientists work with samples containing even ______ starting amounts of DNA.

A

extract and analyze
whole cells

fingerprinting
genes and entire genomes
amplified to millions
very small

38
Q

The technique makes use of the DNA repair _______. This enzyme, present in all living things, fixes breaks or mismatched nucleotides in the ________. These breaks or mismatches could cause genes to ______ if left unfixed.

A

enzyme polymerase
double- stranded DNA helix
malfunction

39
Q

Not all _______ are created equal, however. Many fall apart in _____.

PCR was developed in ____ following the discovery of an unusual heat-loving bacterium called ________ in a hot spring in Yellowstone National Park.

This bacterium’ s polymerase, dubbed Taq, does its job of ______ nucleotides even in the high heat generated by the successive “______” cycles required during PCR. Taq made PCR possible.

A

polymerases
high heat
1985
Thermus aquaticus
matching and attaching
“photocopying”

39
Q

_______ uses the intact half of the DNA molecule as a template and attaches the right nucleotides, which ______ constantly in the cell, to the ____________ at the site of the break.

(DNA consists of two strands of nucleotide bases, which are represented as ______ and ____ . In the laws of DNA base-pairing, __ joins with __ and __ with __.)

A

Polymerase
circulate
complementary nucleotide
A, G, C, and T
A joins with T and G with C

40
Q

Inserting a DNA sample into a Plasmid:

DNA is spliced by ________ pairing and sealed with ______

A

complementary base
DNA ligase

41
Q

Are small circles of DNA found in bacterial cells, separate from the bacterial chromosome

A

Plasmids

42
Q

cut across the two strands leaving loose ends to which cDNA can be attached

A

Restriction enzyme

43
Q

The plasmids enters the bacterial cell and _____ itself. When the bacterials cell divides, the plasmids are shared cut between the ________ and the plasmids continue to reproduce.

A

reproduces
two daughter cells

44
Q

Two type of Bioreactors

A

Batch and Chemostat (CSTR)

45
Q

_____: changing conditions - transient (S, X, growth rate), high initial substrate, different phases of growth.

  • more common
A

Batch

46
Q

_______: steady-state, constant low concentration of substrate, constant growth rate that can be set by setting the dilution rate (i.e. the feed flow rate)

  • more efficient
A

Chemostat

46
Q

Choice of continuous vs.
batch production

A
  • Productivity
  • Flexibility
  • Control
  • Genetic stability
  • Operability
  • Economics
  • Regulatory
47
Q

Reactor Choices pt.1

  • _________: rate of product per time
    per volume. Chemostat better for growth associated products. Wasted time in batch process.
  • _________: ability to make more than one product with the same reactor.
    Batch better.
  • _________: maintaining the same
    conditions for all of the product produced. In theory, chemostat better, steady state. In reality????
A

Productivity
Flexibility
Control

48
Q

Reactor Choices pt.2
* ___________: maintaining the
organism with the desired characteristics. Chemostat selects for fast growing mutants that may not have the desired characteristics.

  • _______: maintaining a sterile system. Batch better.
  • _______: validating the process.
    Initially, many process batch, too expensive to re validate after clinical trials.
A

Genetic stability
Operability
Regulatory

Bio Eng Quiz 2 and 3 (9 decks)

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