How Cells Works (Central Dogma) pt. 2 Flashcards
Post-translational processing
Three main mechanisms by which membrane-bounded organelles import proteins. The protein remains ___ during the transport steps in mechanisms 1 and 3 but usually has to be _____ in mechanism 2. All of these processes require _____
- folded
- unfolded
- energy
________________ - addition of sugars to the protein structure
* ____ is only accomplished in eukaryotic organisms.
* ____ is a target for the body to clear proteins.
* ____ will be removed. Critical implications for producing ____ proteins for human injection.
- Glycosylation
- N-linked glycosylation
- Glycosylation pattern
- Non-native
- therapeutic proteins
the processes by which cells synthesize biomolecules and generate energy.
metabolism
(energy-yielding metabolism) – the process of breaking down larger molecules to extract energy and create reaction substrates.
catabolism
(biosynthetic metabolism) – the process of synthesizing larger molecules for maintenance and new cell generation.
anabolism
waste products from the cell.
metabolites
Metabolism
* In _____, the products are heat, metabolic products, and utilizable energy.
- _____ is the utilizable energy that is used in anabolism. (external nutrients –intracellular precursor pool – biosynthetic intermediates – biopolymers)
- catabolism
- ATP
Metabolism
Levels/Class of Cellular Reactions:
* Class I or ____ Reactions: the nutrients are absorbed and some of the wastes are removed.
* Class II or ____ Reactions: formed higher or more complicated molecules.
* Class III or ____ Reactions: biopolymers are formed from monomer units from the Class II
- Fueling
- Biosynthesis
- Polymerization
Field of biochemistry that is concern with the flow of energy thru the living system
Bioenergetics
Bioenergetics: ATP and NADH pt. 1
ATP:
* ____ require energy for synthesis, transport, motility, signaling.
* Energy in cells is transferred largely thru _____
- Molecular unit of currency.
- ATP is regenerated from ____ when phosphate bonds in other compounds undergo ____ in metabolism or in respiration.
- The ____ change of reaction is negative indicating that it is ____.
- cells
- ATP ( Adenosine triphosphate)
- ADP (Adenosine diphosphate), hydrolysis
- Free energy, spontaneous
has high energy bonds
phosphate bonds
adenine and phosphate were bind by?
ribose
Bioenergetics: ATP and NADH pt. 2
NAD(P)+
* Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate
* Different from NAD+
* NADPH is a reduced form after ____ energy.
* Electron ____ for oxidation-reduction reactions
* Provides reducing power (____ atoms) for biosynthetic processes.
* Provides ____ for ATP formation in respiration.
- expelling
- donor/receptor
- hydrogen
- electrons
NAD(P)+
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate
- the process by which ATP is formed as a result of the transfer of electrons from NADH or 𝐹𝐴𝐷𝐻2 to 𝑂2 by a series of electron carriers.
Oxidative Phosphorylation
- Occurs via the electron transport chain (proton gradient) in intermembrane space.
- The major source of ATP for aerobic organisms.
Oxidative Phosphorylation
_______ Transport Chain
- Composed of two coupled functions:
1. ______ from NADH (electron donor) to FADH2 (redox cofactor)
2. ______ to phosphorylate ADP to ATP - ATP synthase helps ADP to react in protons outside for it to become ATP again.
- Electron
1. Transfer of electrons from NADH to FADH2
2. Use of protons to phosphorylate ADP to ATP
_____ continues to be made as protons move through ATP synthase enzyme
ATP
Aerobic Catabolism:
o ____ (glucose to pyruvate)
o ____ (pyruvate to carbon dioxide and NADH)
o ____ (ADP to ATP)
* glycolysis
* TCA Cycle/Krebs/Citric ACID
* Electron Transport Chain/ETC
Glucose Metabolism: Three major pathways:
- Hexose monophosphate (HMP, also called pentose phosphate),
- Entner-Doudoroff: (ED), and
- Embden-Meyerhof- Parnas (EMP, also called glycolysis).
it is the primary pathway of glucose metabolism
It is an anaerobic pathway that terminates with the production of pyruvate.
Embden-Meyerhof- Parnas (EMP) - glycolisis
____
For each ____ molecule, two molecules of ____ are regenerated and 2 molecules of ____ are produced
- Glycolysis
- glucose
- ATP
- pyruvate
Utilization of Pyruvate:
* ___enters TCA cycle producing carbon dioxide and NADH.
* ___ is *converted to ethanol, lactic acid, acetone, butanol, or acetic acid (original definition of fermentation)
- Aerobic - pyruvate
- Anaerobic – pyruvate
TCA CYCLE
* Called the _____ (TCA) cycle, Krebs cycle, or citric acid cycle.
* Two_____ enter cycle
* Four pairs of ____ leave the cycle in four oxidative reactions
* One high energy phosphate bond is formed (_____)
* Two _____ are consumed
* NADH formed is used as reducing power to ____ ATP in electron transport chain
* The products of TCA cycle can transform into other _____ molecules.
- tricarboxylic acid
- carbon atoms
- hydrogen atoms
- GTP (Guanosine triphosphate)
- water molecules
- generate
- biosynthetic
Replenishing Intermediates:
* These intermediates are replaced by ____ reactions (to fill up)
- Cells can also fix carbon dioxide to replace intermediates (____ carbon dioxide fixation).
- ____ rate can actually be limited by carbon dioxide availability.
- Anaplerotic reaction (chemical reactions that replenish intermediates in metabolic pathways)
- heterotrophic
- Growth
Anaerobic Alternatives:
* ______ can occur by using nitrate as a terminal electron acceptor in the ETC.
* Many cells can also generate energy without the ETC, but with a ______ efficiency.
- anaerobic respiration
- lower
No net oxidation or reduction since electron transport chain is not available to produce NAD+ required in TCA cycle.
Alcohol and Lactate Formation
Generates NADPH (reducing power for biosynthesis) and 5 carbon sugars (make up ATP, RNA, DNA, others).
Pentose Phosphate Pathway
reducing power for biosynthesis
NADPH
Addition of sugars to the protein structure.
Glycosylation
