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Bio Eng Quiz 2 and 3 > Cell Growth pt. 3 > Flashcards

Cell Growth pt. 3 Flashcards

1
Q

These intermediates are replaced by anaplerotic reactions

A

Replenishing intermediates

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2
Q

Cells can also fix ________ to replace _______ (_________ carbon dioxide fixation)

A
  1. carbon dioxide
  2. intermediates
  3. heterotrophic
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3
Q

TCA cycle intermediates can be ________ for biosynthesis

A

funneled off

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4
Q

Anaerobic respiration can occur by using ____ as a terminal electron acceptor in the ETC.

A

nitrate

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5
Q

Many cells can also generate energy without the _____, but with a ________.

A
  1. ETC (electron transport chain)
  2. lower efficiency
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6
Q

In _____________, no net oxidation or reduction since electron transport chain is not available to produce NAD+ required in TCA cycle.

A

Alcohol and Lactate Formation

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7
Q

Pentose phosphate pathway generates ______ (reducing power for biosynthesis) and __________ (make up ATP, RNA, DNA, others).

A

NADPH
5 carbon sugars

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8
Q

Cell growth is characterized by?

A

specific growth rate, μ

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9
Q

Cells + _____ –> ______ + new cells + _______

A
  1. substrate
  2. extracellular products
  3. original cells
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10
Q

can be measured directly and/or indirectly.

A

Cell concentration

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11
Q

Measuring cell concentration: mass or cell number basis

A

Direct

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12
Q

Cell number counting: (3)

A
  1. hemocytometer
  2. plate counts
  3. particle counters
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13
Q

Type of Counting Cells

Advantage: accurate, typically low noise in measurement
Disadvantage: time consuming, carcinogenic, mutagenic stains

A

Hemocytometer

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14
Q

Type of Counting Cells

Advantage: counts viable cells, fairly accurate
Disadvantage: noisy, takes days.

A
  1. Plate counts
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15
Q

Type of Counting Cells

Advantages: very quick, obtain a size distribution in addition to a count.
Disadvantages: solutions must be particle free for accurate count, finicky, hardware, expensive, complicated.

A

Particle Counters

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16
Q

count colonies (CFUs = colony forming units) formed by individual cells (dilute sample).

A

petri dish or dilution plate counts

17
Q

Most common units to report biomass

A

Mass concentration

18
Q

Mass concentration can be obtained by _________, _________, and ____________.

A

centrifuging sample, drying and weighing

19
Q

_________________

Advantages: typical variable in models, simple, low tech method.
Disadvantages: Presence of solids makes inaccurate, difficult to measure low biomass concentrations.

A

Mass concentration

20
Q

Indirect Concentration Measurements
- _____________ (most common).
- ____________ uptake or product evolution.
- ____________/ATP fluorescence.
- Protein or _______________ concentration measurements.

A
  • Turbidometer or spectrophotometer
  • Substrate
  • Luciferin
  • DNA/RNA
21
Q

the measure of the amount of light that passes through a turbid sample

A

Optical density

22
Q

_____ is often measured in OD and converted to mass per volume with a standard curve

A

Biomass

23
Q

_______
- Fixed amount of ____________ (growth medium) present at beginning.
- Batch is seeded with an _________ (small amount of live cells to start growth).

A
  1. Batch Cultures
  2. substrate
  3. inoculum
24
Q

5 Phases of Growth

A
  1. Lag
  2. Exponential
  3. Deceleration
  4. Stationary
  5. Death
25
Q

_________

  • Growth is suppressed, duration 1-10 hours. .
  • Inoculum should be _________and from exponential phase culture.
  • Multiple ____ can exist with multiple growth substrates (diauxic growth)
A
  1. Lag Phase
  2. 5 volume %
  3. lag phases
26
Q

___________

  • Growth is balanced (intercellular concentrations remain constant)
  • __________ on substrate concentration (growing at intrinsic maximum growth rate).
  • Growth rate is __________ with respect to cell concentration, 0th order with respect to substrate
    concentration.
A
  1. Exponential Growth Phase
  2. No dependence
  3. 1st order ,
27
Q

Changes depending on the types of kinetics.

A

Doubling Times

28
Q

_____________

  • End of exponential phase.
  • Caused by either build-up of toxic products or ______________of substrate.
  • Cell _______ changes to favor survival over growth.
A
  1. Deceleration Phase
  2. depletion
  3. physiology
29
Q

_______________

  • Net growth rate is zero.
  • Cells produce _______ metabolites (not growth associated).
  • Cells begin to lose ability to ______.
  • Cells begin to lyse, ________ growth occurs.
  • Cells ________ energy reserves (eg; PHB) in endogenous metabolism
A
  1. Stationary Phase
  2. secondary
  3. reproduce
  4. cryptic
  5. catabolize
30
Q

________

  • is relative to the population, always occurs.
  • Commonly modeled as a ____ process with respect to biomass.
  • Some portion of cells remain _______ for a long time, but are altered.
A
  1. Death Phase
  2. 1st order
  3. viable
31
Q

microorganisms produced per unit substrate utilized.

A

Growth yield

32
Q

This rate is similarly affected relative to diffusion.

A

Biological reaction rate

33
Q

Effects of pH

pH optima:
1. bacteria ,
2.. yeast ,
1. molds ,
1. plant cells ,
1. animal cells .

A
  1. 3-8,
  2. 3-6
  3. 3-7
  4. 5-6
  5. 6.5-7.5
34
Q

Effects of pH

  • pH varies significantly during fermentation if system is not _______ or controlled for pH.
  • CO2 evolution and ______ as nitrogen source both lower pH.
  • ____ utilization raises pH.
A
  1. buffered
  2. ammonium
  3. Nitrate
35
Q

____ can become limiting substrate.

A

Dissolved Oxygen

36
Q

At high DO concentration, growth is _______of [02].

A

independent

37
Q

Dissolved Oxygen Requirements

  • O₂ solubility in water ~7 ppm (25°C, 1atm).
  • Bacteria require ____ of saturation for [02] independent growth, yeast ___.
  • Rate of O₂ transfer usually limited by _______ around bubbles
A
  1. ~10% , 10-50%
  2. stagnant liquid
38
Q

CFU

A

Colony Forming Units

Bio Eng Quiz 2 and 3 (9 decks)

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