How Cells Work (Central Dogma) pt. 1a Flashcards
Ability to coordinate a wide variety of chemical reactions that makes a cell “a cell”
- key feature:_________ of information.
- similar to computers
- Information storage, processing and transmission.
- Chemical Signals
Metabolic Regulation
- key feature: flow and control of information
information flow and control.
Molecular Biology
Metabolic Regulation Analogy
- Storage -
- copy -
- playback -
- DNA
- Replication
- Transcription, Translation
Cetral Dogma Molecular Biology: (3)
replication (DNA),
transcription (RNA),
translation (PROTEINS)
______ and _______ happen inside the nucleus
Replication and transcription
The mRNA delivers the message to the ______ and produces _______.
ribosomes
polypeptides
Important Terms
- Language of the Cellular DNA
- Consist only of four letters: _______
- These letters make 3-letter “words” in a variety of combinations
- These words when “expressed” represent a particular ______
- Or a “______” or ______
- Words put into sequence: _____
- Sentence: ____
- Numerous sentences: ______
- A,G,T,C (Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine)
- amino acid
- “stop”, or stop synthesis
- sentence
- gene
- book
complete information of an organism’s DNA.
Genome
Macromolecular template for each of the 3 steps
- ____ - level language preservation and expression.
Genetic
In DNA Replication:
Double helix structure is important in ________; ________are complementary
preservation
strands
In DNA Replication
____ is in the arrangement of the four letters (A,G,T,C).
Information
DNA carrying information
Parental chromosome
the one that copies the information from the parent chromosome
Daughter chromosome
_____ ends of DNA are important because that location is where reaction happens.
5’ and 3’ carbon
Making New DNA
Replication
predetermined site; origin of replication
Initiation
Initiator proteins/enzymes break ______between ________ at origin.
hydrogen bonds
DNA strands
Different cells have different _______ of replication.
origins
Process of Replication:
The double strand is approached by the ________ and then produce a ________ that unzips the duplex DNA sequences.
After that, ________ assists the helicase, reading the _______ inside the DNA molecule. ______ produces RNA
- initiator proteins
- DNA helicase
- DNA primase
- messages
- DNA polymerase
In Replication:
- ______ strands separate
- The _______ is formed
- RNA “_____” added at initiation site to start _________.
DNA
replication fork
“primer”, DNA synthesis
is small piece of RNA that is complimentary to a specific section of DNA and will bind to that section of DNA.
“primer”
DNA synthesized by enzyme _______.
DNA polymerase
ricks and unwinds strands to release mechanical stress of unwinding
topoisomerase (prevent excessive supercoiling during dna replication and trascription)
____ unwinds DNA at the replication fork
Helicase
RNA primase initiates new _______
strand synthesis
________ bind and stabilize single-stranded DNA at replication fork
Single-strand binding proteins (SSB)
_____ joins Okazaki fragments on lagging strand
DNA ligases
______ and ____ read the molecules that the DNA contains, after that they will release new substance (_____).
Primase and polymerase
new DNA and new RNA
_____ of DNA always added to terminal 3’ group
Nucleotides
“_______” strand synthesized continuously
Leading
_____ must jump ahead and work backward on lagging strand.
DNA polymerase
DNA fragments on lagging strand
Okazaki Fragments (short fragments)
Fragments joined by an enzyme called
DNA ligase
Replication process is _____. It happens in two directions (mostly but not all).
semi-conservative
In Transcription:
The primary substances involved are: (3)
m-RNA
t-RNA
r-RNA
______ is mediated by the enzyme RNA polymerase
RNA synthesis
________always read in the 3’ to 5’ direction
RNA polymerase
Transcription: RNA synthesis
Necessary parts of DNA become _______ (separated from the double helix structure).
One strand is the template for each ____.
A gene will encode for _______.
unbound
gene
one protein
Transcription: RNA Synthesis
_____ reads DNA and synthesizes m-RNA
RNA polymerase
RNA polymerase (holoenzyme) consists of two parts:
core and
sigma subunit
Three transcription sub steps:
initiation,
elongation,
termination
