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DPTD 733 > Quiz 3: Immune System > Flashcards

Quiz 3: Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What is an inflammatory response?

A
  • A non specific response to any agent that causes cell injury
  • Agents may be:
    1) Physical: heat, cold, mechanical
    2) Chemical: Concentrated acid
    3) Microbiological/Pathogens (Bacterium or virus)
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2
Q

What cells are involved inflammation

A

1)phagocytes: neutrophils and monocytes that digest harmful substances
2)histamine: A vasodilator
3) platelets: for blood clotting.

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3
Q

What is an infection?

A

• Inflammation due to disease producing organisms
* “ - itis indicates infection or inflammation

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4
Q

What is sepsis?

A

Occurs when an infection spreads throughout the bloodstream and body, leading to widespread inflammation. Life threatening condition

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5
Q

What is Adaptive (specific) Immunity?

A

• Ability of body to defend itself against specific invading agents such as bacteria, toxins, viruses, and foreign tissues
- have specificity and memory

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6
Q

What is an antigen?

A

Foreign substances that invoke immune responses

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7
Q

Where do B cells mature?

A

Bone marrow

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8
Q

Where do T cells mature?

A

Thymus

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9
Q

Two Types of T Cells

A

1) Cytotoxic T Cells
2) Helper T Cells

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10
Q

Cytotoxic T Cells (T8)

A
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11
Q

Helper T Cells (T4)

A

• Regulate function of B cells and cytotoxic T cells

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12
Q

B Cells

A

Secrete antibodies

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13
Q

What 4 steps happen when foreign antigens enter the body?

A

1) Antigen processing and presenting
2) Activation of T and B cells
3) Destroy foreign antigens and infected cells
4) Memory cells remain in body

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14
Q

4 Classes of Antibodies

A

1) IgG:most prevalent during secondary immune response
2) IgA: Found in bloodstream, mucous membranes, and contained in breast milk
3) IgM: First to respond in primary immune response.
4) IgE: Attaches to mast cells and basophils, mediates allergic reactions

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15
Q

Actions of antibodies

A
  • Neutralize antigens
  • Immobilize bacteria
  • Agglutinate and precipitate antigen for easier digestion by macrophages
    -Enhance phagocytosis
    -Active complement system
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16
Q

What is hypersensitivity

A

An abnormal immune response that leads to tissue damage

17
Q

What are four types of hypersensitivity?

A

Type I: Immediate
Type II: Cytotoxic:
Type III: Immune complex
Type IV: Delayed hypersensitivity

18
Q

What is immediate hypersensitivity

A
  • Called allergy and Anaphylaxis
  • Immediate hypersensitivity reactions occur when a person encounters specific allergens which triggers an immune response and formation of IgE antibodies
  • A person with genetic predisposition to be allergic to something is called atopic
19
Q

Two examples of immediate hypersensitivity

A

1) Allergy: Localized response in tissues exposed to allergen
2) Anaphalaxis:Widespread systemic reaction to allergen. Requires immediate treatment with epinephrine

20
Q

Type II: Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity

A
  • Antibodies (IgG or IgM) are directed against a cell or tissue antigen
  • Leads to complement activation (inflammation and attack of cells)

Examples: Incompatible blood transfusion

21
Q

Type III: Immune complex hypersensitivity

A
22
Q

Type IV Delayed hypersensitivity

A
  • Appears 24-48 hours after exposure to allergen
  • T4 cells are sensitized after first exposure
  • Initialize inflammatory response

Ex: Tuberculosis, fungal and parasitic infections

23
Q

What is an autoimmune disease

A
  • Group of diseases in which the body forms autoantibodies (antibodies against itself)
  • Immune system thinks “self” cells are foreign and attacks them
  • The exact etiology of autoimmune diseases is often unknown and is likely multifactorial
24
Q

What are risk factors for autoimmune diseases

A

1) Genetics
2) Gender: 80% of people with autoimmune diseases are women
3) Infection:

25
Q

Examples of Autoimmune diseases

A
  • RA
    -Lupus
    -Type 1 Diabetes
    -Graves disease, hashimotos disease
  • Crohn’s disease, celiac disease
26
Q

What is Rheumatoid Arthritis?

A
  • Systemic, chronic, autoimmune disorder
  • Antigen-Antibody complexes lodge in synovial membrane and articular cartilage
  • This activates complement and leads to inflammation
  • Primarily affects smaller joints of the body (fingers/hands)
27
Q

What is Lupus?

A
  • Autoimmune disease affected connective tissue throughout the body
  • Most commonly seen in young women
  • More common in people of African, Asian, Hispanic, Native American ancestry
  • Type III hypersensitivity reaction

-Symptoms: Painful and swollen joints, red rashes, inflamed muscles, sensitive to the sun

28
Q

What happens in HIV?

A
  • Human Immunodeficiency Virus
  • Damages CD4 cells (helper T Cells)
  • AIDS: Last stage of HIV infection
29
Q

How is HIV transmitted?

A

Through bodily fluids such as:
1) Sexual transmission
2) Blood
3) Perinatal

Not through:
1) Physical contact
2) Airborne
3) Mosquitos

DPTD 733 (11 decks)

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