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Child Dev. > Quiz 3 (Ch. 3) > Flashcards

Quiz 3 (Ch. 3) Flashcards

1
Q

conception

A

sperm unites with ovum (egg) in female’s fallopian tube in fertilization

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2
Q

Prenatal dev. starts with fertilization and ends with birth, lasting ___?

A

-266-280 days, 38-40 weeks, 9 months

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3
Q

3 periods of prenatal dev.

A

1) germinal
2) embryonic
3) fetal

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4
Q

germinal period

A

first 2 weeks after conception

-creation of zygote (fertilized egg) -> cell division -> attachment of zygote to uterine wall

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5
Q

blastocyst

A

INNER mass of cells that develops into embryo

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6
Q

trophoblast

A

OUTER layer of cells that offers nutrition and support for embryo

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7
Q

implantation

A

attachment of zygote to uterine wall

-11-15 days after conception

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8
Q

ectopic pregnancies

A

blastocyst attaches to Fallopian tube or any other place besides uterus

-occurs in 1/50 pregnancies

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9
Q

embryonic period

A

-weeks 2-8 after conception

-blastocyst attaches to uterine wall -> becomes embryo –> 3 layers of cells form

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10
Q

endoderm

A

inner layer of cells that develop into digestive and respiratory systems

-internal body parts

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11
Q

mesoderm

A

middle layer -> becomes circulatory system, bones, muscles, excretory system, and reproductive system

-parts surrounding internal areas

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12
Q

ectoderm

A

outermost layer -> becomes nervous system/brain, sensory receptors (ears, nose, and eyes) and skin (hair and nails)

-surface parts

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13
Q

organogenesis

A

organ formation during first 2 months of prenatal development

-vulnerable to environmental changes

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14
Q

amnion

A

bag or envelope containing fluid where embryo floats

-provides environment that’s temp. and humidity controlled as well as shockproof

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15
Q

umbilical cord

A

2 arteries and 1 vein that connects the baby to the placenta

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16
Q

placenta

A

disk-shaped tissues in which blood vessels from mother and offspring intertwine but don’t join

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17
Q

fetal period

A

lasts 7 months (2 months after conception-birth in most pregnancies)

-24-25 weeks post-conception -> fetus is viable (chance of surviving outside womb)

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18
Q

neurons

A

nerve cells handling info. processing at cellular lvl. in brain

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19
Q

neural tube

A

-18-24 days after conception

-develops out of ectoderm

-where brain and spinal cord form

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20
Q

2 birth defects related to neural tube failure

A

1) anencephaly
2) spina bifida

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21
Q

anencephaly

A

highest regions of brain fail to develop

-head end of neural tube fails to close

-infants die in womb, during birth, or after

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22
Q

spina bifida

A

varying degrees of paralysis of lower limbs

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23
Q

neurogenesis

A

creation of new neurons

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24
Q

neuronal migration

A

cells moving out from point of origin to appropriate places

-make lvls., structures and regions of brain

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25
Q

teratogen

A

agent that potentially causes a birth defect or negatively alter cognitive and behavioral outcomes

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26
Q

teratology

A

field of study that investigates causes of birth defects

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27
Q

dose

A

greater the amount of exposure to a teratogen, the greater the effect

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28
Q

genetic susceptibility

A

type of severity of abnormalities caused by a teratogen is linked to the genes of pregnant woman and her embryo or fetus

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29
Q

time of exposure

A

teratogen does more damage when it occurs at some points in development than at others

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30
Q

caffeine

A

stimulant (increase blood pressure and heart rate)

-increases frequency of urination

-crosses placenta -> fetus

-found in common foods and medications

-limit caffeine to less than 200 mg daily

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31
Q

psychoactive drugs

A

drugs that act upon nervous system that alter states of consciousness, modify perceptions, and change moods

-caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, illicit drugs

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32
Q

alcohol

A

10% women drink during pregnancy

-can cause physical deformities, low body weight, damage to CNS, miscarriage

-children at greater risk of impulsivity, easily distracted, learning issues, hyperactive

-leading non-genetic cause of intellectual disability in the U.S.

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33
Q

fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD)

A

abnormalities and issues that appear in offspring of mothers who drink alcohol heavily during pregnancy

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34
Q

nicotine

A

preterm births, low birth weights, fetal and neonatal deaths

-respiratory issues, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

-fertility issues in offspring, ADHD

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35
Q

cocaine

A

low birth weight and length and head circumference, behavioral challenges, developmental delays

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36
Q

methamphetamine

A

low birth weight, developmental and behavioral issues, high infant mortality

37
Q

marijuana

A

lower IQ, lower scores in reading, math or spelling

-difficulities spelling, more impulsive, less able to focus

38
Q

heroin

A

withdrawal symptoms at birth (tremors, irritability, abnormal crying, disturbed sleep)

-behavorial issues, attention deficits

39
Q

environmental hazards

A

radiation, toxic wastes, chemicals, x-ray radiation

-pollutants (carbon monoxide, mercury, lead, fertilizers, pesticides)

40
Q

rubella

A

German measles

41
Q

genital herpes

A

delivered through birth canal -> death or brain damage

42
Q

syphilis

A

STD

-eye and skin leisons, blindness

43
Q

diabetes

A

high blood sugar -> large babies, inherit diabetes

44
Q

AIDS

A

STD caused by HIV which destroys body’s immune system

45
Q

3 ways mother can infect offspring with HIV/AIDS

A

1) during gestation across placenta
2) during delivery through content w/ maternal blood or fluids
3) postpartum through breast feeding

46
Q

Babies born to HIV infected mothers can be?

A

1) infected and symptomatic
2) infected but ASymptomatic
3) not infected at all

47
Q

maternal diet and nutrition

A

children born to malnourished mothers are more likely to have malformations and other developmental issues

-being overweight before or after pregnancy can put embryo or fetus at risk
–risk of hypertension, diabetes, respiratory complications, and infections in the mother

-children who did not use folic acid had more behavior issues
–lack of folic acid is related to neural tube defects

-prenatal mercury exposure through fish is linked to miscarriage, preterm birth, and lower intelligence

48
Q

2 maternal ages of special interest

A

1) adolescence
-high risk of infant mortality
-less likely to seek prenatal care

2) 35+ years
-more likely to have a child with Down syndrome

49
Q

Consequences of high maternal anxiety and stress during pregnancy?

A

-emotional or cognitive problems, ADHD, language delay

-maternal depression linked to preterm birth and lower birth weight in some pregnancies

50
Q

paternal factors

A

exposure to lead, radiation, certain pesticides and petrochemicals may cause abnormalities and genetic changes in sperm that lead to miscarriage or diseases such as childhood cancer

-smoking during pregnancy can risk early pregnancy loss, physical deformity or mental illness

-children born to fathers 40+ had increased risk of autism because of an increase in random gene mutation

51
Q

prenatal care

A

schedule of visits for medical care, exercise

52
Q

Stage 1 of birth

A

longest of stages

-contractions start at 15-20 mins. apart and last up to a min. each

-cervix stretches and opens (dilates) to 10 cm.

53
Q

3 phases of Stage 1 of birth

A

1) Early Labor Phase
2) Active Labor Phase
3) Transition Phase

54
Q

Early Labor Phase

A

lasts from onset of labor until cervix is dilated to 3cm (8-12 hrs.)

-water might break (“amniotic sac rupture”)

-woman encouraged to relax, time contractions
–last about 30-45 secs., with 5-30 mins. of rest between them

55
Q

Active Labor Phase

A

-head to hospital or birth center, 3-5 hrs.

-cervix dilates from 4-7 cm, contractions are 45-60 secs. long, with 3-5 min. rest in between (stronger, closer together)

-breathing and relaxation exercises can help

56
Q

Transition Phase

A

lasts 30 mins-2 hrs., cervix dilates rom 8-10 cm.

-contractions last 60-90 secs. with 30 sec.-2 min. rest (long, strong, can overlap)

-hardest phase, can experience hot flashes, chills, nausea, vomiting

57
Q

Stage 2 of birth

A

-begins when baby’s head moves through cervix and birth canal

-ends when baby emerges from mother’s body (“delivery”)

-45 min.-1 hr., contracts 45-90 secs., strong, natural urge to push

-baby’s head becomes visible (“crowns”)

58
Q

Stage 3 of birth

A

afterbirth

-5-30 mins., small contractions that signal the placenta is separating from uterine wall

-umbilical cord, placenta, and other membranes are expelled

59
Q

places for giving birth

A

-in U.S., 99% of births are in hospital

-increase in home births (white women), sometimes with midwife

-father may or may not be present based on culture)

60
Q

midwives

A

presence depends on culture, specialized in pregnancy, childbirth, reproductive health, family planning

61
Q

doulas

A

caregiver during pregnancy, childbirth, and postpartum period

-pain-management techniques, emotional coaching, continuous support

62
Q

analgesia

A

relieve pain (tranquilizers, barbiturates, narcotics)

63
Q

anesthesia

A

block sensation in area of body or consciousness

-epidural (spine)

64
Q

nitrous oxide (laughing gas)

A

used as analgesia or anesthesia depending on dose

65
Q

natural childbirth

A

reduce fear, increase relaxation and education

66
Q

prepared childbirth (Lamaze method)

A

special breathing technique to control pushing in final stages of labor and detailed education about anatomy and physiology

67
Q

Cesarean delivery

A

baby in breech position (buttocks first), large, or more than one

-mother is HIV-positive

-baby is removed from mother’s uterus through incision made in abdomen

68
Q

Apgar scale

A

used to assess health of newborns at 1 and 5 mins after birth

-evaluates heart rate, breathing, muscle tone, body color, and reflexes

-score of 7-10 indicates newborn’s condition is good

-score of 5 indicates there may be developmental difficulties

-score of 3 or below signals emergency and indicates baby may not survive

69
Q

Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)

A

performed within 24-36 hrs. after birth

-used as index of neurological competence up to one month after birth for typical infants, reflexes, and reactions to people and objects

70
Q

Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavorial Scale (NNNS)

A

-another assessment of newborn’s behavior, neurological and stress responses and regulatory capacities

-assess at-risk infants

71
Q

low birth weight infants

A

< 5 1/2 lbs.

-very low birth weight < 2 lbs.

72
Q

preterm infants

A

born 3+ weeks early (typical pregnancies are 37 weeks)

73
Q

very preterm

A

born before 33 weeks of gestational age

74
Q

extremely preterm

A

born before 28th week of pregnancy

75
Q

small for date infants

A

birth weight below normal when considering length of pregnancy

76
Q

2 interventions in NICU?

A

1) kangaroo care
2) massage therapy

77
Q

kangaroo care

A

skin-to-skin contact in which baby, only wearing a diaper, is help upright against parent’s bare chest

78
Q

postpartum period

A

period after childbirth or delivery until about 6 weeks

-time go physical and emotional adjustment

79
Q

physical adjustment

A

breasts

-milk supply increases 48-72 hrs. after delivery
-can be uncomfortable (“engorgement”)

bleeding

-discharge of old uterine lining and blood (“lochia”)
-can start and stop over course of a few weeks

uterus

-starts to return to pre-pregnancy size after delivery for 6 weeks

menstruation

-may not return while breastfeeding
-if not breastfeeding, may return within 4-8 weeks

80
Q

sleep

A

newborn wakes every 3 hrs. and needs to be fed, changed and comforted

81
Q

emotional adjustments

A

-emotional fluctuations are common, can affect infant care

-70% of new moms experience postpartum blues
–2-3 days after birth, anxious

82
Q

postpartum depression

A

major depressive episode that occurs a month after delivery

83
Q

partners

A

also have to adjust to infant

-may develop depressed feelings, partner isn’t as available
–baby gets all attention

84
Q

bonding

A

formation of connection, physical bond between parents and newborn in period shortly after birth

85
Q

rooming in arrangement

A

baby remains in mother’s room during hospital stay

86
Q

Postpartum Mental Health among Visible and Invisible Sexual Minority Women

A

-research focuses on heterosexual married women

-sexual minority women may have risk factors for PPD (discrimination)

87
Q

findings for LGBTQ families

A

ISM women are the largest sexual minority group among women who experience pregnancy

-ISM may be at higher risk for certain health issues and don’t disclose sexuality to healthcare providers

-ISM think about or are part of consensual non-monogamy (CNM) practices

88
Q

service provider

A

individuals or groups that offer preventative, curative, promotional or rehabilitative health care services to people, families and communities

-first point of contact in addressing healthcare concerns

-important that clients feel safe and supported by providers

89
Q

Edinburgh postnatal depression scale

A

10-question rating scale

-select answer that’s closest to how you’ve felt in past 7 days

Child Dev. (16 decks)

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