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Child Dev. > Quiz 2 (Ch. 2) > Flashcards

Quiz 2 (Ch. 2) Flashcards

(62 cards)

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1
Q

natural selection

A

evolutionary process that favors individuals best adapted to survive and reproduce

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2
Q

evolutionary psych.

A

-emphasizes adaptation, reproduction, and “survival of the fittest” in shaping behavior

-extended juvenile period evolved

-aspects of childhood prepare for adulthood

-gives bodily structures and biological potentials

-doesn’t dictate behavior

-biology allows broad range of cultural possibilities

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3
Q

chromosomes

A

threadlike structures that come in 23 pairs

-one member of each pair coming from each parent

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4
Q

genome wide association method

A

identify genetic variations linked to a disorder

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5
Q

linkage analysis

A

goal is to discover location of a gene in the relationship to a marker gene

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6
Q

next generation sequencing

A

describe vast increase in genetic data presented at a reduced cost in a shorter period of time

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7
Q

DNA

A

complex molecule that contains genetic info

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8
Q

genes

A

units of hereditary information composed of DNA

-each has its own function

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9
Q

nucleus

A

center of cell

-contains chromosomes and genes

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10
Q

Human Genome Project

A

effort to map the human genome (complete set of developmental info for making proteins that initiate making a human)

-humans have 25,000 genes
-each gene is dependent, collaborative

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11
Q

mitosis

A

cell’s nucleus copies itself

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12
Q

fertilization

A

begins when female gamete (ovum) is fertilized by male gamete (sperm)

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13
Q

meiosis

A

cell division to form eggs and sperm (gametes)

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14
Q

zygote

A

cell formed through fertilization

-23 pairs of chromosomes

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15
Q

identical twins

A

form from one zygote that splits into 2 genetically identical replicas which becomes a person

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16
Q

fraternal twins

A

develop when 2 eggs are fertilized by different sperm, making 2 zygotes that are genetically no more similar than ordinary siblings

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17
Q

dominant-recessive genes principle

A

dominant gene overrides potential influence of recessive gene

-recessive gene is influential only if both genes are recessive

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18
Q

X-linked inheritance

A

sex-linked, mutated gene carried on X chromosome

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19
Q

genetic imprinting

A

genes have differing effects depending on whether they’re inherited from the mother or father

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20
Q

polygenically determined

A

determined by the interaction of different genes

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21
Q

Down syndrome

A

when gamete is formed (sperm or egg) that doesn’t have a normal set of 23 chromosomes

-round face, flattened skull, extra fold of skin over eyelids, protruding tongue, short limbs

treatment: surgery, early intervention, infant stimulation, special learning programs

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22
Q

Klinefelter syndrome

A

disorder in male phys. and cognitive development, extra X chromosome

-underdeveloped testes, large breasts, unusually tall, delayed speech and language

treatment: hormone therapy

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23
Q

Fragile X syndrome

A

abnormality in X chromosome, becomes constricted or breaks

-learning disabilities, cognitive impairment

-long/narrow face, large ears, prominent jaw and forehead, flexibility, flat feet, enlarged testicles

treatment: sp. ed., speech and language therapy

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24
Q

Turner syndrome

A

female disorder, X chromosome missing or partially deleted

-various med. and developmental issues

-short, difficulty in math

treatment: hormone therapy in childhood and puberty

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25
XYY syndrome
disorder in males, extra Y syndrome -taller than average, acne, increased risk in learning issues -no treatment required
26
phenylketonuria (PKU)
individual can't metabolize phenylalanine, an amino acid -special diet
27
sickle-cell anemia
genetic disorder that impairs functioning of red blood cells -attacks of pain, anemia, swelling in hands/feet, bacterial infections, strokes -penicillin, pain meds, antibiotics, blood transfusions
28
diabetes
too much sugar in blood, triggered by enviro. -Type 1 inherit risk factors from both parents -Type 2 has stronger link to family history -treatment: insulin
29
Huntington's disease
causes degeneration of brain's nerve cells -mood swings, impaired mental abilities, lack of coordination, jerky movements, loss of ability to talk, dementia
30
cystic fibrosis
granular dysfunction that interferes with mucus production -breathing and digestion are hampered -treatment: phys. + oxygen therapy, synthetic enzymes and antibiotics
31
hemophilia
delayed blood clotting causes internal and external bleeding treatment: blood transfusions/injections
32
spina bifida
neural tube disorder that causes brain and spine abnormalities treatment: corrective surgery @ birth, orthopedic devices, and phys. + med. therapy
33
Tay-Sachs disease
deceleration of mental and phys. development cause by accumulation of lipids in nervous system -medication and special diet
34
ultrasound sonography
uses high-frequency sound waves, conducted 7-8 weeks and throughout pregnancy
35
fetal MRI
magnetic resource imaging, uses magnet and radio images -gives detailed images of organs/body, used after abnormal ultrasound
36
chronic villus sampling
used early in pregnancy (9.5-12.5 weeks), small sample of placenta is removed and tested -some risk to fetus
37
amniocentesis
14th and 20th weeks of pregnancy -test on amniotic fluid for chromosomal or metabolic disorders -multiple reasons procedure may be done
38
maternal blood screening
16th-18th weeks of pregnancy -identifies pregnancies with elevated risk of birth defects like spina bifida and Down syndrome
39
noninvasive prenatal diagnosis
alternative procedures like the isolation of fetal cells in mother's blood and analysis of fetal DNA in plasma
40
infertility
inability to conceive child after 12 months of regular intercourse w/o contraception -can effect 1+ partners -treatments depend on various factors (surgery, fertility drugs, in vitro fertilization)
41
in vitro fertilization
eggs and sperm combined in lab dish -one or more of fertilized eggs are transferred into woman's uterus
42
donor insemination
formal (via sperm bank) or informal -medical evaluation of donor and patient -no greater health risk than average pregnancies
43
adoption
social and legal process to establish a parent-child relationship
44
3 types of adoption
1. foster to adopt (public) 2. private 3. international -different degrees of openness
45
neg. adoption language
gave up/put up/surrendered for adoption -real/natural parents/child -taken away -is adopted
46
pos. adoption language
chose/made an adoption plan -birth parents/child -placed in state custody -was adopted
47
behavior genetics
field that seeks to discover influence of heredity and environment on individual differences in human traits and development
48
2 groups for behavior geneticists to study?
1. twins 2. adoptees
49
twin study
behavioral similarity of identical twins is compared with behavioral similarity of fraternal twins -conducted in > 100 countries -used to study genetic and environmental causes of age-related traits and diseases
50
Francis Galton's 1875 "History of Twins"
used twins to estimate effects of nature v. nurture -believed human intelligence was biological -proponent of eugenics
51
Eric Turkheimer
heritability of IQ using twin studies -wondered about IQ in twins from low-income backgrounds -found that IQs of identical twins varied as much as IQs of fraternal twins
52
NASA's twin experiment
Mark and Scott Kelly as only twins in space -genetic experiment to see how bodies change in zero gravity over long period of time
53
3 ways heredity and enviro. are correlated
1. passive 2. evocative 3. active (niche-picking)
54
adoption study
discover whether behavior of psych. traits of adopted children are like more of their adoptive parents who provided the environment or biological parents who contributed their heredity
55
passive genotype-enviro. correlation
biological parents provide child-rearing enviro. (i.e., genetic predisposition to reading -> child as skilled reader)
56
evocative genotype-enviro. correlation
when child's characteristics elicit certain enviro. (i.e., smiling, cooperative babies -> more social stimulation)
57
active (niche-picking) genotype-enviro. correlation
children seek out enviro. they find compatible and stimulating (i.e., social children seek social contexts)
58
shared environmental experiences
siblings' common experiences, like parents' personalities or intellectual orientation, SES, and neighborhood
59
shared environmental experiences
siblings' common experiences, like parents' personalities or intellectual orientation, SES, and neighborhood
60
non shared environmental experiences
child's unique exp. both inside and outside the family that aren't shared with a sibling
61
epigenetics
study of changes in gene activity that don't involve changes in genetic code -diet, exercise, stress, toxins
62
gene x environment (G x E) interaction
interaction of specific measured variation in DND and environment

Child Dev. (16 decks)

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