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Child Dev. > Quiz 2 (Ch. 2) > Flashcards

Quiz 2 (Ch. 2) Flashcards

1
Q

natural selection

A

evolutionary process that favors individuals best adapted to survive and reproduce

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2
Q

evolutionary psych.

A

-emphasizes adaptation, reproduction, and “survival of the fittest” in shaping behavior

-extended juvenile period evolved

-aspects of childhood prepare for adulthood

-gives bodily structures and biological potentials

-doesn’t dictate behavior

-biology allows broad range of cultural possibilities

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3
Q

chromosomes

A

threadlike structures that come in 23 pairs

-one member of each pair coming from each parent

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4
Q

genome wide association method

A

identify genetic variations linked to a disorder

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5
Q

linkage analysis

A

goal is to discover location of a gene in the relationship to a marker gene

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6
Q

next generation sequencing

A

describe vast increase in genetic data presented at a reduced cost in a shorter period of time

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7
Q

DNA

A

complex molecule that contains genetic info

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8
Q

genes

A

units of hereditary information composed of DNA

-each has its own function

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9
Q

nucleus

A

center of cell

-contains chromosomes and genes

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10
Q

Human Genome Project

A

effort to map the human genome (complete set of developmental info for making proteins that initiate making a human)

-humans have 25,000 genes
-each gene is dependent, collaborative

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11
Q

mitosis

A

cell’s nucleus copies itself

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12
Q

fertilization

A

begins when female gamete (ovum) is fertilized by male gamete (sperm)

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13
Q

meiosis

A

cell division to form eggs and sperm (gametes)

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14
Q

zygote

A

cell formed through fertilization

-23 pairs of chromosomes

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15
Q

identical twins

A

form from one zygote that splits into 2 genetically identical replicas which becomes a person

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16
Q

fraternal twins

A

develop when 2 eggs are fertilized by different sperm, making 2 zygotes that are genetically no more similar than ordinary siblings

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17
Q

dominant-recessive genes principle

A

dominant gene overrides potential influence of recessive gene

-recessive gene is influential only if both genes are recessive

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18
Q

X-linked inheritance

A

sex-linked, mutated gene carried on X chromosome

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19
Q

genetic imprinting

A

genes have differing effects depending on whether they’re inherited from the mother or father

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20
Q

polygenically determined

A

determined by the interaction of different genes

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21
Q

Down syndrome

A

when gamete is formed (sperm or egg) that doesn’t have a normal set of 23 chromosomes

-round face, flattened skull, extra fold of skin over eyelids, protruding tongue, short limbs

treatment: surgery, early intervention, infant stimulation, special learning programs

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22
Q

Klinefelter syndrome

A

disorder in male phys. and cognitive development, extra X chromosome

-underdeveloped testes, large breasts, unusually tall, delayed speech and language

treatment: hormone therapy

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23
Q

Fragile X syndrome

A

abnormality in X chromosome, becomes constricted or breaks

-learning disabilities, cognitive impairment

-long/narrow face, large ears, prominent jaw and forehead, flexibility, flat feet, enlarged testicles

treatment: sp. ed., speech and language therapy

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24
Q

Turner syndrome

A

female disorder, X chromosome missing or partially deleted

-various med. and developmental issues

-short, difficulty in math

treatment: hormone therapy in childhood and puberty

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25
Q

XYY syndrome

A

disorder in males, extra Y syndrome

-taller than average, acne, increased risk in learning issues

-no treatment required

26
Q

phenylketonuria (PKU)

A

individual can’t metabolize phenylalanine, an amino acid

-special diet

27
Q

sickle-cell anemia

A

genetic disorder that impairs functioning of red blood cells

-attacks of pain, anemia, swelling in hands/feet, bacterial infections, strokes

-penicillin, pain meds, antibiotics, blood transfusions

28
Q

diabetes

A

too much sugar in blood, triggered by enviro.

-Type 1 inherit risk factors from both parents

-Type 2 has stronger link to family history

-treatment: insulin

29
Q

Huntington’s disease

A

causes degeneration of brain’s nerve cells

-mood swings, impaired mental abilities, lack of coordination, jerky movements, loss of ability to talk, dementia

30
Q

cystic fibrosis

A

granular dysfunction that interferes with mucus production

-breathing and digestion are hampered

-treatment: phys. + oxygen therapy, synthetic enzymes and antibiotics

31
Q

hemophilia

A

delayed blood clotting causes internal and external bleeding

treatment: blood transfusions/injections

32
Q

spina bifida

A

neural tube disorder that causes brain and spine abnormalities

treatment: corrective surgery @ birth, orthopedic devices, and phys. + med. therapy

33
Q

Tay-Sachs disease

A

deceleration of mental and phys. development cause by accumulation of lipids in nervous system

-medication and special diet

34
Q

ultrasound sonography

A

uses high-frequency sound waves, conducted 7-8 weeks and throughout pregnancy

35
Q

fetal MRI

A

magnetic resource imaging, uses magnet and radio images

-gives detailed images of organs/body, used after abnormal ultrasound

36
Q

chronic villus sampling

A

used early in pregnancy (9.5-12.5 weeks), small sample of placenta is removed and tested

-some risk to fetus

37
Q

amniocentesis

A

14th and 20th weeks of pregnancy

-test on amniotic fluid for chromosomal or metabolic disorders

-multiple reasons procedure may be done

38
Q

maternal blood screening

A

16th-18th weeks of pregnancy

-identifies pregnancies with elevated risk of birth defects like spina bifida and Down syndrome

39
Q

noninvasive prenatal diagnosis

A

alternative procedures like the isolation of fetal cells in mother’s blood and analysis of fetal DNA in plasma

40
Q

infertility

A

inability to conceive child after 12 months of regular intercourse w/o contraception

-can effect 1+ partners

-treatments depend on various factors (surgery, fertility drugs, in vitro fertilization)

41
Q

in vitro fertilization

A

eggs and sperm combined in lab dish

-one or more of fertilized eggs are transferred into woman’s uterus

42
Q

donor insemination

A

formal (via sperm bank) or informal

-medical evaluation of donor and patient

-no greater health risk than average pregnancies

43
Q

adoption

A

social and legal process to establish a parent-child relationship

44
Q

3 types of adoption

A
  1. foster to adopt (public)
  2. private
  3. international

-different degrees of openness

45
Q

neg. adoption language

A

gave up/put up/surrendered for adoption

-real/natural parents/child

-taken away

-is adopted

46
Q

pos. adoption language

A

chose/made an adoption plan

-birth parents/child

-placed in state custody

-was adopted

47
Q

behavior genetics

A

field that seeks to discover influence of heredity and environment on individual differences in human traits and development

48
Q

2 groups for behavior geneticists to study?

A
  1. twins
  2. adoptees
49
Q

twin study

A

behavioral similarity of identical twins is compared with behavioral similarity of fraternal twins

-conducted in > 100 countries

-used to study genetic and environmental causes of age-related traits and diseases

50
Q

Francis Galton’s 1875 “History of Twins”

A

used twins to estimate effects of nature v. nurture

-believed human intelligence was biological

-proponent of eugenics

51
Q

Eric Turkheimer

A

heritability of IQ using twin studies

-wondered about IQ in twins from low-income backgrounds

-found that IQs of identical twins varied as much as IQs of fraternal twins

52
Q

NASA’s twin experiment

A

Mark and Scott Kelly as only twins in space

-genetic experiment to see how bodies change in zero gravity over long period of time

53
Q

3 ways heredity and enviro. are correlated

A
  1. passive
  2. evocative
  3. active (niche-picking)
54
Q

adoption study

A

discover whether behavior of psych. traits of adopted children are like more of their adoptive parents who provided the environment or biological parents who contributed their heredity

55
Q

passive genotype-enviro. correlation

A

biological parents provide child-rearing enviro.

(i.e., genetic predisposition to reading -> child as skilled reader)

56
Q

evocative genotype-enviro. correlation

A

when child’s characteristics elicit certain enviro.

(i.e., smiling, cooperative babies -> more social stimulation)

57
Q

active (niche-picking) genotype-enviro. correlation

A

children seek out enviro. they find compatible and stimulating

(i.e., social children seek social contexts)

58
Q

shared environmental experiences

A

siblings’ common experiences, like parents’ personalities or intellectual orientation, SES, and neighborhood

59
Q

shared environmental experiences

A

siblings’ common experiences, like parents’ personalities or intellectual orientation, SES, and neighborhood

60
Q

non shared environmental experiences

A

child’s unique exp. both inside and outside the family that aren’t shared with a sibling

61
Q

epigenetics

A

study of changes in gene activity that don’t involve changes in genetic code

-diet, exercise, stress, toxins

62
Q

gene x environment (G x E) interaction

A

interaction of specific measured variation in DND and environment

Child Dev. (16 decks)

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