Ch. 14

Question 1

system

Answer 1

complex whole made up of interrelated and interacting parts

Question 2

mutual synchrony

Answer 2

each person’s behavior depends on partner’s previous behavior
-mutual gaze or eye contact

Question 3

reciprocal

Answer 3

actions of partners can be matched, as when one partner initiates the other or when there is mutual smiling

Question 4

scaffolding

Answer 4

adjusting lvl. of guidance to fit child’s performance

Question 5

reciprocal socialization

Answer 5

bidirectional socialization; children socialize parents just as parents socialize children

Question 6

transactional

Answer 6

reciprocal interchanges and mutual influence processes

Question 7

dyadic

Answer 7

involving 2 people

Question 8

polyadic

Answer 8

involving 2+ people

Question 9

multiple developmental trajections

Answer 9

idea that adults follow one trajectory and children and adolescents follow another

-adult: marriage, cohabitation, parenthood
child: timing of child care (planned or unplanned), reentry into middle school

Question 10

pros of having children early

Answer 10

1) parents are likely to have more phys. energy
2) mother is likely to have fewer med. problems w/ pregnancy and childbirth
3) parents may be less likely to build up expectations for children

Question 11

pros for having children later

Answer 11

1) parents will have had more time to consider their goals in life
2) parents will be more mature and be able to benefit from their experiences
3) parents will be better established in their careers and have more income for child-rearing expenses

Question 12

Grusec and Davidov (2010)’s 5 parenting domains

Answer 12

1) protection
2) reciprocity
3) control
4) guided learning
5) group participation

Question 13

Bringing Home Baby project

Answer 13

workshop that helps new parents strengthen their relationship w/ their partner

-understand and become acquainted w/ their baby, resolve conflict, and develop parenting skills

Question 14

infancy parent-child intearaction

Answer 14

routine caregiving -> play, visual-vocal exchanges, managing infant’s behavior

Question 15

early childhood parent-child intearaction

Answer 15

modesty, compliance, bedtime regularities, control of temper
-fighting w/ siblings and peers, eating behavior and manners

-autonomy in dressing, attention-seeking, chores, help children entertain themselves rather than relying on parents for everything

-how to monitor children’s lives outside the family in school and peer settings

Question 16

middle and late childhood parent-child intearaction

Answer 16

parents spend less time with them, play role in supporting and stimulating children’s academic achievement in middle and late childhood

-make decisions of children’s out-of-school activities, youth receive less phys. discipline than they did as preschoolers

-more likely to use removal of privleges, appeals to child’s self-esteem
-comments designed to increase child’s sense of guilt, and statements that a child is responsible for his or her actions

-parents continue to exercise general supervision and control, and children can engage in moment-to-moment self-regulation

Question 17

steps of management process

Answer 17

1) being proactive and childproofing the enviro. so infants will not encounter potentially dangerous objects or situations

2) using corrective methods when infants engage in undesirable behaviors
-excessive fussing and crying, biting others, or throwing objects

Question 18

monitoring

Answer 18

supervising an adolescent’s choices of social settings, activities, and friends

Question 19

Baumrind’s 4 types of parenting styles

Answer 19

1) authoritarian
2) authoritative
3) neglectful
4) indulgent

Question 20

authoritarian parenting

Answer 20

restrictive, punitive style in which parents extort the child to follow their directions and respect their work and effort

-places firm limits and controls on child and allows little verbal exchange

-may spank child frequently, enforce rules rigidly but not explain them, and show rage toward the child

-children are unhappy, fearful, and anxious about comparing themselves w/ others
–fail to initiate activity, weak communication skills

Question 21

authoritative parenting

Answer 21

enrcourages children to be independent but still places limits and controls on their actions

-extensive verbal give-and-take is allowed, and parents are warm and nurturant to the child

-show pleasure and support in response to children’s appropriate behavior
–expect mature, independent, and age-appropriate behavior from children

-children are often cheerful, self-controlled and self-reliant, and achievement oriented
–tend to maintain friendly relations w/ peers, cooperate w/ adults, and cope well with stress

Question 22

neglectful parenting

Answer 22

style in which parent is very uninvolved in child’s life

-children develop sense that other aspects of the parents’ lives are more important than they are
–socially incompetent, poor self-control and don’t handle independence well

-low self-esteem, immature, and may be alienated from the family
–show patterns of trauncy and deliquency

Question 23

indulgent parenting

Answer 23

style in which parents are highly involved w/ children but place few demands or controls on them

-let child do that they want, result is that the children never learn to control their own behavior and always expect to get their way

-parents rear their children in this way because they believe the combination of warm involvement and few restraints will produce a creative, confident child

-children rarely learn respect for others and have difficulty controlling their behavior
–may be domineering, egocentric, noncompliant, and have difficulties in peer relations

Question 24

critics of parenting styles

Answer 24

don’t capture important themes of reciprocal socialization and synchrony

-parents use combination of techniques rather than one technique, although one technique may be dominant

Question 25

reasons to avoid punishments

Answer 25

present children w/ out-of-control models for handling stressful situations

-instill fear, rage, or avoidance, tells children what not to do rather than what to do, abusive

Question 26

time out

Answer 26

child removed from setting that offers pos. reinforcement

Question 27

coparenting

Answer 27

support that parents provide one another in jointly raising a child

Question 28

4 types of child maltreatment

Answer 28

1) phys. abuse
2) child neglect
3) sexual abuse
4) emotional abuse (psych./verbal/mental)

Question 29

phys. abuse

Answer 29

characterized by the infliction of phys. injury as a result of punching, beating, kicking, biting, burning, shaking, or harming a child

-parent or person may not have intended to hurt child, injury may have resulted from excessive phys. punishment

Question 30

child neglect

Answer 30

characterized by failure to provide for child’s basic needs

-can be phys., educational, or emotional, most common

Question 31

sexual abuse

Answer 31

fondling child’s genitals, intercourse, incest, rape, sodomy
-exhibitionism, and commercial exploitation through prostitution or pornography

Question 32

emotional abuse (psych./verbal/mental)

Answer 32

acts of failures to act by parents or other caregivers that caused, or could cause, serious behavioral, cognitive or emotional problems

Question 33

3 things parents do when seeing sibling confrontation

Answer 33

1) intervene and try to help resolve conflict by encouraging resolution through communication

2) ignoring and intentionally not intervening so that they work it out on their own

3) least commonly, admonishing them or telling them to stand up to each other

Question 34

3 important characteristics of sibling relations

Answer 34

1) emotional quality
2) familiarity and intimacy
3) variation

Question 35

Alfred Adler

Answer 35

need to understand individual within context of social enviro.
-personality traits derive from developmental issues, including birth order

Question 36

birth order

Answer 36

having older or younger siblings has been linked to certain personality characteristics

Question 37

firstborn

Answer 37

most successful, highest earners, most loyal, most driven to achieve in traditional ways

-tallest, higher IQs, only children resemble them

Question 38

secondborn

Answer 38

calmer, more self-confident parents, has older sibling as role model

-competitive w/ older sibling, more social, more flexible, more relaxed

-able to compromise, build coalitions

Question 39

youngest

Answer 39

more likely to question order of things, avoid direct competition, expect older siblings to take responsibility

Question 40

factors influencing behavior beyond birth order

Answer 40

heredity, models of competency or incompetency, peer influences

-school influences, socioeconomic factors, sociohistorical factors, cultural variations

Question 41

conflict and sibling relationships

Answer 41

siblings give opportunities to deal w/ conflict
-method of conflict resolution in adult relations
–“Conflict Behavior Questionnaire”

-siblings help each other work through issues from childhood

Question 42

family systems theory

Answer 42

useful framework for making sense of complex ways family members interact w/ e/o

2 key principles:
1) each subsystem influences every other subsystem

2) change in any family member/subsystem results in a period of disequilibrium until family system adjusts

Question 43

dual-earner families

Answer 43

more mothers working outside the home than before

-nature of parent(s) job can affect child’s development more than the fact the parent is working

-41% of adults say increase in working mothers is bad for society, 22% say its good

Question 44

pros and cons of dual-earner families

Answer 44

economic, edu., and social benefits to having working parents

-daughters: more likely to be employed, in supervisory roles, higher incomes
–earned 23% more than those of SAH moms

-sons: spent more time on childcare and housework
–U.S.: 7.5 hrs. more on childcare per week and 25 more mins. on housework

Question 45

divorced family children

Answer 45

high divorce rate in U.S.
-40% of children born to married parents will experience parent divorce

-40-50% of married couples in U.S. divorce

Question 46

college students and parental divorce

Answer 46

lost idea of “home,” anger and resentment, guilt, stuck in the middle

-financial concerns, neg. conversations, grief, stress around milestones

Question 47

single-parent families

Answer 47

visitation and custody problems, effects of continuing conflict between parents

-less opportunity for parents and children to spent time together

-effects of breakup on children’s school performance and peer disruptions

-disruptions on extended family relationships, problems caused by parents dating and entering new relationships

Question 48

psychological impact of single-parent families

Answer 48

greater sense of responsibility, reduced conflict-related stress
-resentment, improved parent-child relationships

Question 49

stepfamilies

Answer 49

1 in 3 Americans is part of a stepfamily/”blended” family, inconsistent findings regarding academic achievement and other school behavior

-children tend to “call the shots” on the emotional trajectory of family life
–outside influences (i.e., friends) can help kids cope

-best to have realistic expectations of what the family should be like

Question 50

3 types of stepfamily structure

Answer 50

1) stepfather
2) stepmother
3) blended or complex

Question 51

grandparent-headed families

Answer 51

challenges for children:
-developmental, phys., behavioral, academic, and emotional problems

-feelings of anger, rejection, guilt, and stress

challenges for grandparents:
-legal difficulties related to obtaining guardianship

-limited financial resources, parenting struggles, limited energy and phys. health problems
-less times for themselves, relationships w/ child’s parents

Question 52

lower-SES parents

Answer 52

more concerned that their children conform to society’s expectations

-create a home atmosphere in which its clear that parents have authority over children

-use phys. punishment more in discipline, more directive and less conversational

Question 53

higher-SES parents

Answer 53

more concerned w/ developing children’s initiative and delay of gratification

-create home atmosphere in which children are more nearly equal participants in which rules are discussed as opposed to being laid down in an authoritarian manner

-less likely to use phys. punishment, less directive and more conversational