Ch. 8

Question 1

intelligence

Answer 1

ability to problem-solve and adapt and learn from exp.

Question 1

Stanord-Binet test

Answer 1

Binet: mental age
-Stern: Intelligence quotient

-IQ = mental age / chronological age x 100
–if MA > CA, IQ > 100
–if MA < CA, IQ < 100

Question 2

Weshler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)

Answer 2

-gives overall IQ score and composite indexes
–(i.e., working memory, processing speed)

Question 3

WISC scoring

Answer 3

> 130: superior or “gifted”
-120-129: very high
-110-119: bright normal
< 90: avg. or below avg.
< 70: borderline mental functionality

Question 4

How can intelligence tests be helpful?

Answer 4

predictors of school and work success, moderately correlated w/ work performance

Question 5

test misuse

Answer 5

-other factors contribute to school or work success, false expectations for children

Question 6

intelligence testing abuse

Answer 6

intentions of Binet’s IQ test were noble enough
–wanted to find students who might need extra help

-used to classify people in form of “scientific racism”
–eugenics, sexism

Question 7

WWI and IQ tests

Answer 7

measured things like ability to follow instructions, racial differences in scores

-environment and upbringing matters

Question 8

difficult childhood and cognition

Answer 8

affect memory, processing speed, language, attention, 40% more likely to have a learning disability

-trouble planning ahead

-when primed with economic uncertainty:
–performed worse on inhibition task and better on attention-shifting task

Question 9

implications for working with kids

Answer 9

schools
-don’t assume kid is “broken,” tweak curriculum to play to student’s abilities
-let students move around and talk during class

Question 10

culture and intelligence

Answer 10

western
-reasoning and thinking

-eastern
–way for community members to engage in social roles

Question 11

Nisbett comparing European Americans to East Asians

Answer 11

–Easterners think “holistically,” rely on experienced-based knowledge, more tolerance for contradiction
–Westerners: more “analytic,” avoid contradictions, rely on formal logic

Question 12

Nisbett fish tank experiment

Answer 12

Japanese participants set scene and focused on background environment and relationships between animals

-American participants focused on biggest fish first

Question 13

Nisbett mother-daughter conflict

Answer 13

Americans: came down in favor of one side or other
–analytical logic: resolving contradiction

Chinese: saw merits on both sides
–dialectical approach: embracing contradictions

Question 14

bias and cultural testing

Answer 14

many early IQ tests were culturally biased
-SES, race, geographic location

-culture-fair tests
–asks questions familiar to people of all SES and ethnic backgrounds
–no verbal questions

Question 15

Bayley Scales of Infant Development (Bayley-III)

Answer 15

1) cognitive
2) language
3) motor
4) socioemotional
5) adaptive

Question 16

intelligence development

Answer 16

test scores can fluctuate, intelligence isn’t stable, kids can adapt

Question 17

intellectual disabilities

Answer 17

limited mental disability where individual:
-has low IQ (< 70), difficulty adapting to daily life, shows characteristics by 18 yrs.

-lvl. of impairment varies

Question 18

early signs of intellectual disabilities

Answer 18

delay or failure to reach developmental milestones and learning how to talk

-challenges with self care skills, poor problem-solving abilities

-poor planning abilities, behavioral and social problems, difficulty following social rules

Question 19

genetic conditions of intellectual disabilities

Answer 19

Down syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome, Williams syndrome

-cultural-familial intellectual disability
–growing up in below-avg. intellectual enviro.

Question 20

intellectual disabilities and the work force

Answer 20

employers are sometimes leery of hiring people with intellectual disabilities

-can be beneficial to business
–good work quality, high motivation and engagement, dependable, good attendance

Question 21

giftedness

Answer 21

people who have above-avg. intelligence (IQ > 130) and/or superior talent in particular realm (3-5% of U.S. pop.)

-master area earlier than peers, different learning style, driven to understand domain they’re gifted in

Question 22

creativity

Answer 22

ability to think about something in novel and unusual ways
and come up with unique solutions to problems

-can’t predict creativity using IQ, divergent vs. convergent thinking

Question 23

boosting creativity in kids

Answer 23

encourage curiosity and seeking answers, limit manufactured toys

-value varied opinions and ideas, encourage exploration, avoid shaming kids who take reasonable risks

-pose questions, show respect for creative effort, play make-believe games