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Child Dev. > Ch. 4 > Flashcards

Ch. 4 Flashcards

1
Q

2 patterns of growth

A

1) cephalocaudal
2) proximodistal

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2
Q

cephalocaudal pattern

A

growth that occurs from head down

-cephalo: head
-caudal: tail

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3
Q

proximodistal pattern

A

center of body to extremities

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4
Q

infancy

A

time of drastic growth in height and weight

height: 1” per month in first year

weight: 5-6 oz. per week in first month

-weight doubles by 4 months and triples by first yr.

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5
Q

early childhood

A

preschool to 5 yrs. old

-diverse growth patterns
–heredity and environment

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6
Q

middle and late childhood

A

6-11 yrs. old

-slow, constant growth
–2-3 inches per yr.
–7 lbs per yr.

-some gender differences

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7
Q

adolescence

A

puberty
–rapid physical maturation involving hormonal and bodily changes

-timing of puberty
–start 10-13.5 yrs.
–end 13-17 yrs.

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8
Q

puberty

A

rapid phys. maturation involving hormonal and bodily changes that occur in early adolescence

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9
Q

menarche

A

girl’s first menustration

-1840’s: 17 yrs.
-now: age 13 or younger

-precocious puberty
–early onset and rapid progression of puberty

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10
Q

heredity and enviro. influences

A

programmed into genes

-enviro. factors: low SES, maltreatment, family harshness, early substance use, sedentary lifestyles, stress

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11
Q

hormones

A

chemical substances secreted by endocrine glands and carried through body by bloodstream

-parts of brain
–hypothalamus: monitors eating, drinking, sex

–pituitary gland: controls growth, regulates glands

-gonads: sex glands (testes, ovaries)

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12
Q

gender differences in hormones

A

males
-androgens
–testosterone

females
-estrogens
–estradiol

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13
Q

androgens

A

main class of male sex hormones

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14
Q

estrogens

A

main class of female sex hormones

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15
Q

testosterone

A

androgen that’s a key hormone in the development of puberty in boys

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16
Q

growth spurt

A

starts 2 yrs. earlier for girls (on avg.)

-9 yrs. for girls
-11 yrs. for boys

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17
Q

sexual maturation of males

A

increase in genital size, pubic hair, minor voice change

-first ejaculation (spermache), body growth, armpit and facial hair

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18
Q

sexual maturation of females

A

breast growth, pubic and armpit hair, height growth, hips widen

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19
Q

body image

A

preoccupation with what one’s body looks like

-girl’s body image tends to decrease, boys’ increase
-increase at end of adolescence overall

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20
Q

early v. late maturing boys

A

early maturing boys see themselves more positively than late maturing boys

-late maturing boys tend to have a more positive identity by 30 yrs. than early maturing boys

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21
Q

early maturing girls

A

-more likely to: smoke and drink and be depressed

–have an eating disorder, engage in delinquency, tumultuous relationships with parents
–responses from older males drop out of high school, marry younger

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22
Q

research on adolescence

A

1904: Stanley G. Hall published “Adolescence”

–saw adolescence as time of storm
-initial phase characterized by grand models

second phase
-more research, nuanced and strong developmental study methods
-expansion in 1990s
-most research on boys, today girls are resiliency models

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23
Q

APA Presidential Task Force on Adolescent Girls

A

made in 1996

-focuses on strengths, challenges and choices of adolescent girls today
-fills gaps in research, education, practice and public policy

-focus on inclusion of voices and lives in a range of teen girls

24
Q

research questions

A

What helps girls thrive in adolescence?
-Are there different positive influences at different developmental stages?

-What does research say about girls with self-esteem?
-How can adolescent girls best be prepared for roles they’ll play in the future?

-How do adolescent girls influence the world around them?

25
Q

neuroconstructivist view

A

a) biological processes and environmental conditions influence the brain’s development

b) brain has plasticity and is context dependent

c) development of brain is closely linked with child’s cognitive development

26
Q

brain parts

A

2 hemispheres/halves
-top: forebrain
-outer layer of cells: cerebral cortex

amygdala: emotions
hippocampus: motor control

27
Q

4 major areas of hemispheres?

A

frontal lobes
-voluntary movement, thinking, personality, intentionality

occipital lobes
-vision

temporal lobes
-hearing, language processing, memory

parietal lobes
-spatial location, direct attention, motor control

28
Q

neuron

A

nerve cell that processes information

29
Q

axon

A

sends electrical signals away from center of neuron
-covered by myelin sheath (layer of fat cells)

30
Q

dendrite

A

receives electrical signals and sends them to center of neuron

31
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemicals

32
Q

synapses

A

gaps between neuron fibers

33
Q

neural circuits

A

neuron clusters that work together to handle types of info.
-attention, memory, job depends on area

34
Q

lateralization

A

left hemisphere
-speech, grammar

-right hemisphere
–humor, metaphor use

35
Q

changing neurons

A

birth: brain is at 25% of adult brain weight

-2 yrs.: brain at 75% adult brain weight
-occurs through myelination and increase in dendrites and synapses

36
Q

infant brains

A

extensive brain development in infancy

-hard to study
–radiation risks with PET scans
–move too much for MRI
–EEGs sometimes successful

37
Q

Shaken Baby Syndrome

A

brain injury from forcefully shaking infant or toddler

-destroys child’s brain cells
-prevents child’s brain from getting enough oxygen
-form of child abuse

38
Q

causes of Shaken Baby Syndrome

A

weak neck muscles, fragile brain moves back and forth in skull

-causes bruising, swelling, bleeding

39
Q

symptoms of Shaken Baby Syndrome

A

-extreme irritability, difficulty staying awake, breathing problems

-poor eating, tremors, vomiting, pale or bluish skin, seizures, paralysis, coma

40
Q

risk factors of Shaken Baby Syndrome

A

unrealistic expectation of babies, young or single parenthood

-stress, domestic violence, alcohol or substance abuse
-unstable family, depression, maltreatment

41
Q

early experience and the brain

A

children who grow up in a deprived enviro. may have depressed brain activity

42
Q

myelination

A

process of encasing axons with a myelin sheath, begins prenatally and continues after birth

43
Q

childhood

A

brain and head are rapidly growing

-amount of brain material in some areas of the brain can double in a yr.
–unused tissue and unneeded cells are purged
–brain reorganizes

-3-6 yrs.: growth in frontal lobes
-6-adolescence yrs.: growth in temporal and parietal lobes

44
Q

brain and lying

A

detected in kids as young as 3.5 yrs. old

45
Q

primary lies

A

2-3 yrs.

-conceal transgressions

-don’t take listener into acc.

46
Q

secondary lies

A

4 yrs.

-more plausible
-geared to listener’s mental growth

47
Q

tertiary lies

A

7-8 yrs.

-consistent with known facts
-contain follow-up statements

48
Q

adolescence

A

significant changes

-corpus collosum (fibers connection left and right hemispheres of brain)
-prefrontal cortex development continues, amygdala

49
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

highest lvl. of frontal loves involved in reasoning, devision making and self control

50
Q

developmental social neuroscience

A

connections between development, brain, and socioemotional processes

51
Q

sleep and infants

A

newborns sleep 16-17 hrs. daily (range 10-21)

-by 6 mths., most infants sleep through the night
-sleep patterns change
-REM sleep
-shared sleep

52
Q

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

A

infant stops breathing, usually happens at night

-infant dies without apparent cause, highest cause of infant death in U.S.

-most common at 2-4 mths.

53
Q

precautions of SIDS

A

place infant on back, no blankets or bulky clothes

54
Q

childhood sleep

A

kids should get 11-13 hrs. of sleep daily

-6-11 yr. olds should get 10-11 hrs. of sleep daily
-most kids need a nap

sleep problems: attention issues, impaired brain growth, substance abuse issues in adolescence

55
Q

sleep and adolescence

A

ideally 9-10 hrs.

-lack of sleep linked to:
–delinquency, sleep disturbances, less attention

56
Q

marasmus

A

severe malnutrition caused by insufficient protein-calorie intake, resulting in shrunken, elderly appearance

57
Q

kwashiorkor

A

severe malnutrition caused by protein-deficient diet, causing feet and abdomen to swell with wate r

Child Dev. (16 decks)

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