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NEUROLOGY > quiz #3 > Flashcards

quiz #3 Flashcards

1
Q

conscious or subconscious awareness of changes in the external or internal environment

A

sensation

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2
Q

what is the difference between sensation and perception?

A

sensation: occurs when sensory receptors detect sensory stimuli

perception: involves organization, interpretation, & conscious experience of those sensations

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3
Q

each piece of incoming information is combined with other arriving & previously stored information in a process called…

A

integration

occurs in: spinal cord, brain stem, cerebellum, basal nuclei, cerebral cortex

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4
Q

the conscious interpretation of sensation & primarily a function of the CEREBRAL CORTEX

A

perception

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5
Q

is blood pressure consciously percieved?

A

NO

does not reach cerebral cortex

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6
Q

unique type of sensation is called a _____

a given sensory neuron carries information for only _____ modality

A

modality

one

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7
Q

4 types of somatic senses

A
  1. tactile
  2. thermal
  3. pain
  4. proprioceptive
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8
Q

information about conditions within internal organs

ex: pressure, stretch, chemicals, nausea, hunger, & temperature

A

visceral senses

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9
Q

special senses: modalities

A

smell, taste, vision, hearing, equilibrium or balance

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10
Q

sensory receptor is a structure of the nervous system that _____ in the external or internal environment

A

monitors changes

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11
Q

process of sensation begins in a _____, which can be a specialized cell or dendrites of a sensory neuron

this characteristic of sensory receptors is known as _____

A

sensory receptor

selectivity

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12
Q

types of sensory receptor - classification

A
  1. microscopic structure
  2. location of receptors & origin of stimuli that activate them
  3. type of stimulus detected
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13
Q

microscopic structure - classification

A
  1. free nerve endings
  2. encapsulated nerve endings
  3. separate cells
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14
Q

bare dendrites associated with pain, thermal, tickle, itch and some touch sensations

A

free nerve endings

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15
Q

dendrites enclosed in CT capsule for pressure, vibration, and some touch sensations

A

encapsulated nerve endings

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16
Q

special senses of vision, taste, hearing and equilibrium are served by separate sensory cells - receptor cells synapse with first order sensory neurons

A

separate cells

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17
Q

location & origin of activating stimuli - classification

A
  1. exteroceptors
  2. interoreceptors
  3. proprioceptors
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18
Q

located at or near body surface, sensitive to stimuli originating outside body & provide information about external environment

convey visual, smell, taste, touch, pressure, vibration, thermal & pain sensations

A

exteroceptors

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19
Q

located in blood vessels, visceral organs & nervous system
provide information about internal environment

impulses usually not consciously perceived but may be felt as pain or pressure

A

interoceptors

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20
Q

located in mm, tendons, joints & inner ear

provide information about body position, mm length & tension, position & motion of joints, equilibrium (balance)

A

proprioceptors

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21
Q

detect mechanical stimuli; provide sensations of touch, pressure, vibration, proprioception, hearing & equilibrium; monitor stretching of blood vessels & internal organs

A

mechanoreceptors

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22
Q

detect changes in temperature

A

thermoreceptors

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23
Q

respond to painful stimuli resulting from physical or chemical damage to tissue

A

nociceptors

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24
Q

detect light that strikes retina of eye

A

photoreceptors

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25
Q

detect chemicals in mouth (taste), nose (smell), and body fluids

A

chemoreceptors

26
Q

sense osmotic pressure of body fluids

A

osmoreceptors

27
Q

characteristic of most sensory receptors is _____, in which generator potential or receptor potential decreases in amplitude during a maintained, constant stimulus

A

adaptation

*causes frequency of nerve impulses in first order neuron to decrease

28
Q

areas with the highest density of somatic sensory receptors

A

tip of tongue, lips, & fingertips

29
Q

touch, pressure, vibration, itch, & tickle

A

tactile sensations

30
Q

touch, pressure & vibration are detected by…

A

encapsulated mechanoreceptors attached to large‐diameter myelinated A fibers

31
Q

itch & tickle are detected by…

A

free nerve endings attached to small‐diameter, unmyelinated C fibers

32
Q

which reaches the brain first – touch or itch?

A

touch (large myelinated A-fibers) reaches the brain faster than itch (unmyelinated c-fibers)

33
Q

rapidly adapting touch receptors

A
  1. Meissner corpuscles (corpuscles of touch)
  2. hair root plexuses
34
Q

slowly adapting touch receptors

A
  1. Ruffini Corpuscles (type II cutaneous mechanoreceptors)
  2. Merkel Discs (tactile discs/ type I cutaneous mechanoreceptors)
35
Q

pressure receptors

A
  1. Pacinian Corpuscles (lamellated)
  2. Meissner’s Corpuscles
  3. Merkel Disks
36
Q

vibration receptors

A
  1. Pacinian Corpuscles (high frequency)
  2. Meissner’s Corpuscles (low frequency)
37
Q

itch receptors

A
  1. Puriceptors
  2. Nociocepors
38
Q

tickle receptors

A

free nerve endings

39
Q

thermoreceptors - free nerve endings

A

cold & warm receptors

40
Q

-located in stratum basale of epidermis
-medium diameter, myelinated A fibers
-activated by temperatures between 10° & 40°C

A

cold receptors

41
Q

-not as abundant as cold receptors
-located in dermis
-attached to small diameter, unmyelinated C fibers
-activated by temperatures between 32° & 48°C (90–118°F)

A

warm receptors

42
Q

temperatures below 10°C & above 48°C primarily stimulate _____ receptors, nociceptors rather than thermoreceptors, producing painful sensations

A

pain

43
Q

-nerve impulses propagate along medium diameter, myelinated type A fibers
-acute, sharp or pricking pain
-not felt in deeper tissues of body

A

fast pain

44
Q

-gradually increases in intensity over a period of several seconds or minutes
-impulses conduct along small diameter, unmyelinated C fibers
-chronic, burning, aching or throbbing pain
-can occur both in skin & in deeper tissues or internal organs

A

slow pain

45
Q

pain receptors: nociceptors - free nerve endings found in every tissue of the body except the…

A

brain

46
Q

somatic sensations that arise from stimulating the skin are called ____ sensations

A

cutaneous

47
Q

pain localization - somatic fast & slow pain

A

somatic fast pain: precisely localized to stimulated area

somatic slow pain: well localized but more diffuse (involves large areas), appears to come from larger area of skin

48
Q

pain localization - visceral pain

A

= referred pain

*visceral organ involved & area to which pain is referred are served by same segment of the spinal cord

49
Q

3 types of proprioceptors

A
  1. muscle spindles within skeletal muscles
  2. golgi tendon organs within tendons
  3. joint kinesthetic receptors within synovial joint capsules
50
Q

-monitor changes in length of skeletal mm & participate in stretch reflexes
-contributes to mm tone

A

muscle spindles

51
Q

-located at musculotendinous junction
-protect tendons by initiating tendon reflexes & their associated mm from damage due to excessive tension

A

golgi tendon organs

52
Q

-within & around articular capsules of synovial joints
-free nerve endings & Ruffini corpuscles (pressure)
-small Pacinian corpuscles (acceleration & deceleration)
-joint ligaments (reflex)

A

joint kinesthetic receptors

53
Q

for a sensation to arise, what 4 events occur?

A
  1. Stimulation of a sensory receptor
  2. Transduction of stimulus
  3. Generation of nerve impulses
  4. Integration of sensory input
54
Q

sensory receptors produce what 2 different kinds of graded potentials in response to a stimuli

A
  1. generator potentials
  2. receptor potentials
55
Q

a generator potential turns into an …

A

action potential

56
Q

receptor potentials - neurotransmitter molecules liberated from synaptic vesicles diffuse across the synaptic cleft & produce a _____ in the first order neuron

A

postsynaptic potential (PSP)

57
Q

large generator potentials or receptor potentials trigger nerve impulses at _____ in the first order neuron, in contrast to small generator potentials or receptor potentials, which trigger nerve impulses at _____

A

high frequency

lower frequencies

58
Q

conditions which must be present for regeneration of neurons

A
  1. neurons must be located in PNS
  2. intact cell body
  3. myelination by functional Schwann cells having a neurolemma
59
Q

birth of a new neuron from a stem cell

A

neurogenesis

60
Q

-mild nerve injury
-temporary conduction block without axonal damage
-endoneurium, perineurium, epineurium intact
-no Wallerian degeneration
-sensory/motor problems distal to injury
-conduction blocked at injury site but remains intact in proximal & distal segments
-full recovery = days to weeks

A

neuropraxia

61
Q

-2nd most severe nerve injury
-loss of axon continuity & myelin, but CT (epineurium, perineurium) intact
-sensory & motor deficits occur distal to injury, with no conduction for 3-4 days
-Wallerian degeneration distal to injury
-axonal regeneration allows for potential recovery without surgery

A

axonotmesis

62
Q

-most severe nerve injury
-complete/ partial severance of nerve, causing sensory, motor, & autonomic deficits
-no conduction or Wallerian degeneration distal to injury
-surgical intervention required for repair

A

neurotmesis

NEUROLOGY (9 decks)

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