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quiz #3 Flashcards

1
Q

conscious or subconscious awareness of changes in the external or internal environment

A

sensation

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2
Q

what is the difference between sensation and perception?

A

sensation: occurs when sensory receptors detect sensory stimuli

perception: involves organization, interpretation, & conscious experience of those sensations

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3
Q

each piece of incoming information is combined with other arriving & previously stored information in a process called…

A

integration

occurs in: spinal cord, brain stem, cerebellum, basal nuclei, cerebral cortex

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4
Q

the conscious interpretation of sensation & primarily a function of the CEREBRAL CORTEX

A

perception

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5
Q

is blood pressure consciously percieved?

A

NO

does not reach cerebral cortex

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6
Q

unique type of sensation is called a _____

a given sensory neuron carries information for only _____ modality

A

modality

one

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7
Q

4 types of somatic senses

A
  1. tactile
  2. thermal
  3. pain
  4. proprioceptive
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8
Q

information about conditions within internal organs

ex: pressure, stretch, chemicals, nausea, hunger, & temperature

A

visceral senses

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9
Q

special senses: modalities

A

smell, taste, vision, hearing, equilibrium or balance

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10
Q

sensory receptor is a structure of the nervous system that _____ in the external or internal environment

A

monitors changes

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11
Q

process of sensation begins in a _____, which can be a specialized cell or dendrites of a sensory neuron

this characteristic of sensory receptors is known as _____

A

sensory receptor

selectivity

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12
Q

types of sensory receptor - classification

A
  1. microscopic structure
  2. location of receptors & origin of stimuli that activate them
  3. type of stimulus detected
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13
Q

microscopic structure - classification

A
  1. free nerve endings
  2. encapsulated nerve endings
  3. separate cells
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14
Q

bare dendrites associated with pain, thermal, tickle, itch and some touch sensations

A

free nerve endings

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15
Q

dendrites enclosed in CT capsule for pressure, vibration, and some touch sensations

A

encapsulated nerve endings

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16
Q

special senses of vision, taste, hearing and equilibrium are served by separate sensory cells - receptor cells synapse with first order sensory neurons

A

separate cells

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17
Q

location & origin of activating stimuli - classification

A
  1. exteroceptors
  2. interoreceptors
  3. proprioceptors
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18
Q

located at or near body surface, sensitive to stimuli originating outside body & provide information about external environment

convey visual, smell, taste, touch, pressure, vibration, thermal & pain sensations

A

exteroceptors

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19
Q

located in blood vessels, visceral organs & nervous system
provide information about internal environment

impulses usually not consciously perceived but may be felt as pain or pressure

A

interoceptors

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20
Q

located in mm, tendons, joints & inner ear

provide information about body position, mm length & tension, position & motion of joints, equilibrium (balance)

A

proprioceptors

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21
Q

detect mechanical stimuli; provide sensations of touch, pressure, vibration, proprioception, hearing & equilibrium; monitor stretching of blood vessels & internal organs

A

mechanoreceptors

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22
Q

detect changes in temperature

A

thermoreceptors

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23
Q

respond to painful stimuli resulting from physical or chemical damage to tissue

A

nociceptors

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24
Q

detect light that strikes retina of eye

A

photoreceptors

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25
detect chemicals in mouth (taste), nose (smell), and body fluids
chemoreceptors
26
sense osmotic pressure of body fluids
osmoreceptors
27
characteristic of most sensory receptors is _____, in which generator potential or receptor potential decreases in amplitude during a maintained, constant stimulus
adaptation *causes frequency of nerve impulses in first order neuron to decrease
28
areas with the highest density of somatic sensory receptors
tip of tongue, lips, & fingertips
29
touch, pressure, vibration, itch, & tickle
tactile sensations
30
touch, pressure & vibration are detected by...
encapsulated mechanoreceptors attached to large‐diameter myelinated A fibers
31
itch & tickle are detected by...
free nerve endings attached to small‐diameter, unmyelinated C fibers
32
which reaches the brain first – touch or itch?
touch (large myelinated A-fibers) reaches the brain faster than itch (unmyelinated c-fibers)
33
rapidly adapting touch receptors
1. Meissner corpuscles (corpuscles of touch) 2. hair root plexuses
34
slowly adapting touch receptors
1. Ruffini Corpuscles (type II cutaneous mechanoreceptors) 2. Merkel Discs (tactile discs/ type I cutaneous mechanoreceptors)
35
pressure receptors
1. Pacinian Corpuscles (lamellated) 2. Meissner’s Corpuscles 3. Merkel Disks
36
vibration receptors
1. Pacinian Corpuscles (high frequency) 2. Meissner’s Corpuscles (low frequency)
37
itch receptors
1. Puriceptors 2. Nociocepors
38
tickle receptors
free nerve endings
39
thermoreceptors - free nerve endings
cold & warm receptors
40
-located in stratum basale of epidermis -medium diameter, myelinated A fibers -activated by temperatures between 10° & 40°C
cold receptors
41
-not as abundant as cold receptors -located in dermis -attached to small diameter, unmyelinated C fibers -activated by temperatures between 32° & 48°C (90–118°F)
warm receptors
42
temperatures below 10°C & above 48°C primarily stimulate _____ receptors, nociceptors rather than thermoreceptors, producing painful sensations
pain
43
-nerve impulses propagate along medium diameter, myelinated type A fibers -acute, sharp or pricking pain -not felt in deeper tissues of body
fast pain
44
-gradually increases in intensity over a period of several seconds or minutes -impulses conduct along small diameter, unmyelinated C fibers -chronic, burning, aching or throbbing pain -can occur both in skin & in deeper tissues or internal organs
slow pain
45
pain receptors: nociceptors - free nerve endings found in every tissue of the body except the...
brain
46
somatic sensations that arise from stimulating the skin are called ____ sensations
cutaneous
47
pain localization - somatic fast & slow pain
somatic fast pain: precisely localized to stimulated area somatic slow pain: well localized but more diffuse (involves large areas), appears to come from larger area of skin
48
pain localization - visceral pain
= referred pain *visceral organ involved & area to which pain is referred are served by same segment of the spinal cord
49
3 types of proprioceptors
1. muscle spindles within skeletal muscles 2. golgi tendon organs within tendons 3. joint kinesthetic receptors within synovial joint capsules
50
-monitor changes in length of skeletal mm & participate in stretch reflexes -contributes to mm tone
muscle spindles
51
-located at musculotendinous junction -protect tendons by initiating tendon reflexes & their associated mm from damage due to excessive tension
golgi tendon organs
52
-within & around articular capsules of synovial joints -free nerve endings & Ruffini corpuscles (pressure) -small Pacinian corpuscles (acceleration & deceleration) -joint ligaments (reflex)
joint kinesthetic receptors
53
for a sensation to arise, what 4 events occur?
1. Stimulation of a sensory receptor 2. Transduction of stimulus 3. Generation of nerve impulses 4. Integration of sensory input
54
sensory receptors produce what 2 different kinds of graded potentials in response to a stimuli
1. generator potentials 2. receptor potentials
55
a generator potential turns into an ...
action potential
56
receptor potentials - neurotransmitter molecules liberated from synaptic vesicles diffuse across the synaptic cleft & produce a _____ in the first order neuron
postsynaptic potential (PSP)
57
large generator potentials or receptor potentials trigger nerve impulses at _____ in the first order neuron, in contrast to small generator potentials or receptor potentials, which trigger nerve impulses at _____
high frequency lower frequencies
58
conditions which must be present for regeneration of neurons
1. neurons must be located in PNS 2. intact cell body 3. myelination by functional Schwann cells having a neurolemma
59
birth of a new neuron from a stem cell
neurogenesis
60
-mild nerve injury -temporary conduction block without axonal damage -endoneurium, perineurium, epineurium intact -no Wallerian degeneration -sensory/motor problems distal to injury -conduction blocked at injury site but remains intact in proximal & distal segments -full recovery = days to weeks
neuropraxia
61
-2nd most severe nerve injury -loss of axon continuity & myelin, but CT (epineurium, perineurium) intact -sensory & motor deficits occur distal to injury, with no conduction for 3-4 days -Wallerian degeneration distal to injury -axonal regeneration allows for potential recovery without surgery
axonotmesis
62
-most severe nerve injury -complete/ partial severance of nerve, causing sensory, motor, & autonomic deficits -no conduction or Wallerian degeneration distal to injury -surgical intervention required for repair
neurotmesis

NEUROLOGY (9 decks)

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