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NEUROLOGY > quiz #1 - nervous system > Flashcards

quiz #1 - nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

nervous system function

A

regulates body activities - by responding rapidly using nerve impulses

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2
Q

endocrine system function

A

responds by releasing hormones

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3
Q

mass of the nervous system

A

2kg

3% total body weight

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4
Q

the CNS consists of…

A

brain & spinal cord

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5
Q

what does the CNS process?

A

sensory info

source of: thoughts, emotions, memories

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6
Q

signals that stimulate mm to contract & glands to secrete originate where?

A

CNS

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7
Q

the PNS consists of…

A

all nervous tissue OUTSIDE the CNS

nerves & sensory receptors

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8
Q

nerve definition

A

bundle of hundreds to thousands of axons + associated CT & blood vessels that lie outside CNS

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9
Q

how many pairs of spinal & cranial nerves

A

12 pairs spinal nerves

31 pairs cranial nerves

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10
Q

what is a sensory receptor?

A

structure of nervous system that monitors changes in external/ internal environment

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11
Q

the PNS is divided into what 2 divisions?

A

sensory & motor

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12
Q

function of the sensory (afferent) division

A

conveys input into the CNS from sensory receptors

somatic (pain) & special senses (smell)

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13
Q

function of the motor (efferent) division

A

conveys output from the CNS effectors (mm & glands)

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14
Q

the motor (efferent) is divided into what 2 divisions?

A

somatic (SNS) & autonomic (ANS)

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15
Q

function of the somatic nervous system (ANS)

A

conveys output from CNS to skeletal mm ONLY

= VOLUNTARY

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16
Q

function of the automatic nervous system (ANS)

A

conveys output from the CNS to smooth mm, cardiac mm, & glands

= INVOLUNTARY

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17
Q

the ANS is comprised of 2 main branches…

A

sympathetic & parasympathetic

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18
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

“fight or flight”

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19
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

“rest & digest”

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20
Q

3rd branch of the ANS

A

enteric nervous system (ENS)

regulates smooth mm & glands of GI tract

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21
Q

3 functions of the nervous system

A
  1. sensory function: detect internal & external stimuli
  2. integrative function: process sensory info (integration)
  3. motor function: activate effectors (mm & glands)
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22
Q

neuron function

A

possess electrical excitability - respond to a stimulus & convert it into an action potential

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23
Q

what is an action potential?

A

electrical signal that propagates (travels) along surface of the membrane of a neuron

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24
Q

3 parts of a neuron

A

cell body, dendrites, axon

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25
a collection of neuron cell bodies outside the CNS is called...
ganglion
26
site of communication between two neurons/ between neuron & effector cell
synapse
27
slow axonal transport (direction)
ONE direction only
28
fast axonal transport (direction)
BOTH directions anterograde = forward retrograde = backward
29
structural classification of a neuron
number of processes extending from the cell body
30
functional classification of neurons
direction nerve impulse is conveyed with respect to the CNS
31
3 structural classifications of neurons (polar)
1. multipolar: several dendrites, one axon 2. bipolar: one main dendrite & one axon 3. unipolar: dendrites & one axon fused together (sensory receptors)
32
3 functional classifications of neurons
1. sensory: afferent, sensory receptors, unipolar 2. motor: efferent, action potential away from CNS to effectors, multipolar 3. interneurons: within CNS between sensory & motor, multipolar
33
neuroglia
"glue" that holds nervous system together -smaller than neurons & more numerous -do not generate action potentials -can multiply & divide
34
4 types of neuroglia in the CNS
astrocytes oligodendrocytes microglia ependymal cells (distinguished based on size, cytoplasmic processes & intracellular organization)
35
2 types of neuroglia in the PNS
schwann cells satellite cells (completely suround axons & cell bodies of neurons)
36
what are the gaps in a myelin sheath?
nodes of Ranvier
37
which type of axons are surrounded by a myeline sheath?
schwann cells (PNS) oligodendrocytes (CNS)
38
what does white matter consist of?
myelinated axons of many neurons
39
what does grey matter consist of?
neuron cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, neuroglia
40
graded vs. action potentials (communication distance)
graded = SHORT distance action: LONG distance
41
electrical signals rely on what 4 types of ion channels?
1. leak channels 2. ligand-gated 3. mechanically-gated 4. voltage-gated
42
which type of ion channel randomly alternates between open & closed?
leak channels
43
which type of ion channel opens & closes in response to binding of a chemical stimulus?
ligand-gated channels
44
which type of ion channel opens/ closes in response to mechanical stimulation in the form of vibration?
mechanically-gated channels
45
which type of ion channel opens in response to a change in membrane potential?
voltage-gated channel
46
what is the resting membrane potential?
electrical potential difference (voltage) that exists across the PM of an excitable cell under resting conditions
47
resting membrane potential typical value
-70 mV = polarized
48
3 factors that contribute to RMP
1. unequal distribution of ions in ECF & cytosol 2. inability of most ions to leave cell 3. electrogenic nature of Na+, -K+, ATPase (pumps)
49
what is it called when the membrane potential inside is more polarized (more negative) than resting level?
hyperpolarizing graded potential
50
what is it called when the membrane potential inside is less polarized (less negative) than resting level?
depolarizing graded potential
51
what is summation?
process by which graded potentials add together
52
a graded potential forms in response to which two gated channels opening?
mechanically-gated or ligand-gated
53
phases of an action potential
depolarizing phase & repolarizing phase, may be followed by an after-hyperpolarizing phase
54
what is happening at the after-hyperpolarizing phase?
following repolarizing phase, membrane potential temporarily becomes MORE negative than resting level (voltage-gated K+ channels remain open) = after-hyperpolarizing
55
when will an action potential occur?
once the membrane potential reaches THRESHOLD
56
depolarizing phase - ion flow
*Na+ channels open, Na+ rushes in *inside of membrane = more positive *more gates open, Na+ inflow increases *positive feedback mechanism
57
repolarizing phase - ion flow
*after Na+ channels open, depolarization opens voltage-gated K+ channels *slow K+ channel opening & open Na+ channels = repolarizing *revert to resting state
58
period of time after an action potential begins during which an excitable cell cannot regenerate another action potential in response to a normal threshold stimulus
refractory period
59
what are the 2 types of propagation?
continuous & saltatory conduction
60
where does continuous conduction occur?
unmyelinated axons & mm fibers
61
where does saltatory conduction occur?
myelinated axons (nodes of Ranvier) saltatory = "leaping"
62
factors that affect the speed of propagation
1. amount of myelination: myelinated = faster 2. axon diameter: larger diameter = faster 3. temperature: warmer = faster
63
A fibers (classification of nerve fibers)
-fastest -largest diameter -myelinated -motor neurons
64
B fibers (classification of nerve fibers)
-slower speed -middle sized diameter -partly myelinated -saltatory conduction
65
C fibers (classification of nerve fibers)
-slow -smallest diameter -unmyelinated -longest absolute refractory period
66
where do neurons communicate with other neurons?
SYNAPSE -junctions between one neruron & a second or an effector cell
67
2 electrical synapse advantages
1. faster communication: faster than chemical 2. synchronization: coordinated contraction
68
at a chemical synapse, a presynaptic neuron converts an electrical signal (nerve impulse) into a...
chemical signal (neurotransmitter)
69
a postsynaptic neuron converts a chemical signal back into an...
electrical signal (postsynaptic potential)
70
type of neurotransmitter receptor that contains a neurotransmitter binding site & an ion channel
ionotropic receptor
71
type of neurotransmitter receptor that contains a neurotransmitter binding site & is coupled to a separate ion channel by a G protein
metabotropic receptor
72
3 ways to remove a neurotransmitter
1. diffusion 2. enzymatic degradation 3. uptake by cells
73
a neurotransmitter that causes depolarization of the post-synaptic membrane
EXCITATORY (EPSP) (bring membrane closer to threshold)
74
a neurotransmitter that causes hyperpolarization of a post-synaptic membrane
INHIBITORY (IPSP) (farther from threshold)
75
2 types of summation - spatial & temporal
1. spatial: stimuli occur at different locations on membrane at same time 2. temporal: stimuli occur at same location on membrane at different times
76
chemical substances that neurons use to communicate with other neurons, mm fibers & glands
neurotransmitters
77
small molecule neurotransmitters
acetycholine (ACh), amino acids (GABA, inhibitory)
78
biogenic amines
norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopmine, seratonin cause excitation or inhibition
79
what is a neural circuit?
functional group of neurons that processes a specific kind of information
80
4 types of neuronal circuits
1. diverging 2. converging 3. reverberating 4. parallel after-discharge
81
the capability to change based on experience
plasticity
82
most common type of neurotransmitter
acetylcholine

NEUROLOGY (9 decks)

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