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NEUROLOGY > quiz #1 - nervous system > Flashcards

quiz #1 - nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

nervous system function

A

regulates body activities - by responding rapidly using nerve impulses

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2
Q

endocrine system function

A

responds by releasing hormones

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3
Q

mass of the nervous system

A

2kg

3% total body weight

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4
Q

the CNS consists of…

A

brain & spinal cord

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5
Q

what does the CNS process?

A

sensory info

source of: thoughts, emotions, memories

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6
Q

signals that stimulate mm to contract & glands to secrete originate where?

A

CNS

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7
Q

the PNS consists of…

A

all nervous tissue OUTSIDE the CNS

nerves & sensory receptors

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8
Q

nerve definition

A

bundle of hundreds to thousands of axons + associated CT & blood vessels that lie outside CNS

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9
Q

how many pairs of spinal & cranial nerves

A

12 pairs spinal nerves

31 pairs cranial nerves

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10
Q

what is a sensory receptor?

A

structure of nervous system that monitors changes in external/ internal environment

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11
Q

the PNS is divided into what 2 divisions?

A

sensory & motor

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12
Q

function of the sensory (afferent) division

A

conveys input into the CNS from sensory receptors

somatic (pain) & special senses (smell)

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13
Q

function of the motor (efferent) division

A

conveys output from the CNS effectors (mm & glands)

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14
Q

the motor (efferent) is divided into what 2 divisions?

A

somatic (SNS) & autonomic (ANS)

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15
Q

function of the somatic nervous system (ANS)

A

conveys output from CNS to skeletal mm ONLY

= VOLUNTARY

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16
Q

function of the automatic nervous system (ANS)

A

conveys output from the CNS to smooth mm, cardiac mm, & glands

= INVOLUNTARY

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17
Q

the ANS is comprised of 2 main branches…

A

sympathetic & parasympathetic

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18
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

“fight or flight”

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19
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

“rest & digest”

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20
Q

3rd branch of the ANS

A

enteric nervous system (ENS)

regulates smooth mm & glands of GI tract

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21
Q

3 functions of the nervous system

A
  1. sensory function: detect internal & external stimuli
  2. integrative function: process sensory info (integration)
  3. motor function: activate effectors (mm & glands)
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22
Q

neuron function

A

possess electrical excitability - respond to a stimulus & convert it into an action potential

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23
Q

what is an action potential?

A

electrical signal that propagates (travels) along surface of the membrane of a neuron

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24
Q

3 parts of a neuron

A

cell body, dendrites, axon

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25
Q

a collection of neuron cell bodies outside the CNS is called…

A

ganglion

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26
Q

site of communication between two neurons/ between neuron & effector cell

A

synapse

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27
Q

slow axonal transport (direction)

A

ONE direction only

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28
Q

fast axonal transport (direction)

A

BOTH directions

anterograde = forward
retrograde = backward

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29
Q

structural classification of a neuron

A

number of processes extending from the cell body

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30
Q

functional classification of neurons

A

direction nerve impulse is conveyed with respect to the CNS

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31
Q

3 structural classifications of neurons (polar)

A
  1. multipolar: several dendrites, one axon
  2. bipolar: one main dendrite & one axon
  3. unipolar: dendrites & one axon fused together (sensory receptors)
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32
Q

3 functional classifications of neurons

A
  1. sensory: afferent, sensory receptors, unipolar
  2. motor: efferent, action potential away from CNS to effectors, multipolar
  3. interneurons: within CNS between sensory & motor, multipolar
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33
Q

neuroglia

A

“glue” that holds nervous system together
-smaller than neurons & more numerous
-do not generate action potentials
-can multiply & divide

34
Q

4 types of neuroglia in the CNS

A

astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
microglia
ependymal cells

(distinguished based on size, cytoplasmic processes & intracellular organization)

35
Q

2 types of neuroglia in the PNS

A

schwann cells
satellite cells

(completely suround axons & cell bodies of neurons)

36
Q

what are the gaps in a myelin sheath?

A

nodes of Ranvier

37
Q

which type of axons are surrounded by a myeline sheath?

A

schwann cells (PNS)
oligodendrocytes (CNS)

38
Q

what does white matter consist of?

A

myelinated axons of many neurons

39
Q

what does grey matter consist of?

A

neuron cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, neuroglia

40
Q

graded vs. action potentials (communication distance)

A

graded = SHORT distance

action: LONG distance

41
Q

electrical signals rely on what 4 types of ion channels?

A
  1. leak channels
  2. ligand-gated
  3. mechanically-gated
  4. voltage-gated
42
Q

which type of ion channel randomly alternates between open & closed?

A

leak channels

43
Q

which type of ion channel opens & closes in response to binding of a chemical stimulus?

A

ligand-gated channels

44
Q

which type of ion channel opens/ closes in response to mechanical stimulation in the form of vibration?

A

mechanically-gated channels

45
Q

which type of ion channel opens in response to a change in membrane potential?

A

voltage-gated channel

46
Q

what is the resting membrane potential?

A

electrical potential difference (voltage) that exists across the PM of an excitable cell under resting conditions

47
Q

resting membrane potential typical value

A

-70 mV

= polarized

48
Q

3 factors that contribute to RMP

A
  1. unequal distribution of ions in ECF & cytosol
  2. inability of most ions to leave cell
  3. electrogenic nature of Na+, -K+, ATPase (pumps)
49
Q

what is it called when the membrane potential inside is more polarized (more negative) than resting level?

A

hyperpolarizing graded potential

50
Q

what is it called when the membrane potential inside is less polarized (less negative) than resting level?

A

depolarizing graded potential

51
Q

what is summation?

A

process by which graded potentials add together

52
Q

a graded potential forms in response to which two gated channels opening?

A

mechanically-gated or ligand-gated

53
Q

phases of an action potential

A

depolarizing phase & repolarizing phase, may be followed by an after-hyperpolarizing phase

54
Q

what is happening at the after-hyperpolarizing phase?

A

following repolarizing phase, membrane potential temporarily becomes MORE negative than resting level (voltage-gated K+ channels remain open) = after-hyperpolarizing

55
Q

when will an action potential occur?

A

once the membrane potential reaches THRESHOLD

56
Q

depolarizing phase - ion flow

A

*Na+ channels open, Na+ rushes in
*inside of membrane = more positive
*more gates open, Na+ inflow increases
*positive feedback mechanism

57
Q

repolarizing phase - ion flow

A

*after Na+ channels open, depolarization opens voltage-gated K+ channels
*slow K+ channel opening & open Na+ channels = repolarizing
*revert to resting state

58
Q

period of time after an action potential begins during which an excitable cell cannot regenerate another action potential in response to a normal threshold stimulus

A

refractory period

59
Q

what are the 2 types of propagation?

A

continuous & saltatory conduction

60
Q

where does continuous conduction occur?

A

unmyelinated axons & mm fibers

61
Q

where does saltatory conduction occur?

A

myelinated axons (nodes of Ranvier)

saltatory = “leaping”

62
Q

factors that affect the speed of propagation

A
  1. amount of myelination: myelinated = faster
  2. axon diameter: larger diameter = faster
  3. temperature: warmer = faster
63
Q

A fibers (classification of nerve fibers)

A

-fastest
-largest diameter
-myelinated
-motor neurons

64
Q

B fibers (classification of nerve fibers)

A

-slower speed
-middle sized diameter
-partly myelinated
-saltatory conduction

65
Q

C fibers (classification of nerve fibers)

A

-slow
-smallest diameter
-unmyelinated
-longest absolute refractory period

66
Q

where do neurons communicate with other neurons?

A

SYNAPSE
-junctions between one neruron & a second or an effector cell

67
Q

2 electrical synapse advantages

A
  1. faster communication: faster than chemical
  2. synchronization: coordinated contraction
68
Q

at a chemical synapse, a presynaptic neuron converts an electrical signal (nerve impulse) into a…

A

chemical signal (neurotransmitter)

69
Q

a postsynaptic neuron converts a chemical signal back into an…

A

electrical signal (postsynaptic potential)

70
Q

type of neurotransmitter receptor that contains a neurotransmitter binding site & an ion channel

A

ionotropic receptor

71
Q

type of neurotransmitter receptor that contains a neurotransmitter binding site & is coupled to a separate ion channel by a G protein

A

metabotropic receptor

72
Q

3 ways to remove a neurotransmitter

A
  1. diffusion
  2. enzymatic degradation
  3. uptake by cells
73
Q

a neurotransmitter that causes depolarization of the post-synaptic membrane

A

EXCITATORY (EPSP)

(bring membrane closer to threshold)

74
Q

a neurotransmitter that causes hyperpolarization of a post-synaptic membrane

A

INHIBITORY (IPSP)

(farther from threshold)

75
Q

2 types of summation - spatial & temporal

A
  1. spatial: stimuli occur at different locations on membrane at same time
  2. temporal: stimuli occur at same location on membrane at different times
76
Q

chemical substances that neurons use to communicate with other neurons, mm fibers & glands

A

neurotransmitters

77
Q

small molecule neurotransmitters

A

acetycholine (ACh), amino acids (GABA, inhibitory)

78
Q

biogenic amines

A

norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopmine, seratonin

cause excitation or inhibition

79
Q

what is a neural circuit?

A

functional group of neurons that processes a specific kind of information

80
Q

4 types of neuronal circuits

A
  1. diverging
  2. converging
  3. reverberating
  4. parallel after-discharge
81
Q

the capability to change based on experience

A

plasticity

82
Q

most common type of neurotransmitter

A

acetylcholine

NEUROLOGY (9 decks)

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