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NEUROLOGY > midterm (bunch of BS) > Flashcards

midterm (bunch of BS) Flashcards

1
Q

2 branches of the nervous system

A

CNS (brain & spinal cord)

PNS (everything outside PNS)

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2
Q

2 branches of the PNS

A

autonomic: communicates with internal organs & glands

somatic: communicates with sense organs & voluntary mm

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3
Q

2 branches of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A

sympathetic: arousing

parasympathetic: calming

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4
Q

2 divisions of the somatic nervous system (SNS)

A

sensory (afferent): sensory input

motor (efferent): motor output

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5
Q

how many spinal & cranial nerves

A

31 spinal nerves

12 cranial nerves

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6
Q

types of neuroglia in the CNS

A

ependymal cells
oligodendrocytes
astrocytes
microglia

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7
Q

types of neuroglia in the PNS

A

satellite cells
schwann cells

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8
Q

after demyelination occurs, schwann cells multiple by mitosis & grow toward each other to from a regeneration tube

A

Wallerian degeneration (PNS)

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9
Q

resting membrane potential

A

-70mV

(inside negative compared to outside)

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10
Q

graded & action potential communication distance

A

graded: short distance, varies in size of amplitude

action: long distance

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11
Q

4 types of ion channel gates

A
  1. leak
  2. ligand-gated
  3. mechanically gated
  4. voltage gated
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12
Q

do graded potentials travel down an axon?

A

NO

produce current that spreads to local regions & then dies out

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13
Q

action potential phases

A
  1. depolarizing (Na+)
  2. repolarizing (K+, membrane back to -70mV)
  3. hyperpolarizing (K+)
  4. refractory
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14
Q

2 types of propagation

A

continuous conduction: unmyelinated, slow

saltatory conduction: myelinated, fast, jump at nodes of ranvier

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15
Q

synapse

A

communication site (neuron & effector, neuron & neuron)

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16
Q

2 types of synapses

A
  1. electrical (faster, synchronized)
  2. chemical (neurotransmitter)
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17
Q

most common type of neurotransmitter

A

acetycholine

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18
Q

neurotransmitter removal

A

diffusion
enzymatic degradation
uptake by cells

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19
Q

diencephalon gives rise to…

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

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20
Q

telencephalon gives rise to…

A

cerebral hemispheres & lateral ventricles

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21
Q

reflexes centers for visual, auditory & startle reflexes are processed where?

A

colliculi (superior & inferior)

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22
Q

what structure produces dopamine?

A

substantia nigra

(addiction)

23
Q

white matter & gray matter

A

white: mylinated axons, white because of lipid

gray: neuronal cell bodies & dendrites, grey because lack of myelin

24
Q

major motor tracts of body decussate & bulge, left brain controls right side of body

25
ascending portion: reticular activating system (RAS)
consiousness
26
what governs equilibrium & balance
flocculonodular tube
27
ataxia
loss of ability to coordinate mm movements
28
what releases regulatory hormones?
hypothalamus
29
what connects the two cerebral hemishpheres?
corpus callosum
30
tracts between gyri in same hemisphere
association tracts
31
tracts between one hemisphere to another
commissural tracts
32
what separates the cerebrum into right & left hemispheres?
longitudinal fissure
33
basal nuceli
initiate/ terminate movements
34
the limbic system is also known as...
emotional brain
35
difference between cranial & spinal meninges
cranial dura has 2 layers
36
what supplies blood to the posterior brain?
vertebral arteries
37
circle of Willis
even when one artery is blocked, others can still get blood supply
38
alpha waves
present when awake but disappear during sleep
39
beta waves
nervous system active
40
theta waves
emotional stress / brain disorder
41
delta waves
deep, dreamless sleep
42
CN responsible for smell
CN I OLFACTORY (s)
43
CN responsible for vision
CN II OPTIC (s)
44
CN responsible for regulating visceral activity
CN X VAGUS (b)
45
CN that conveys impulses for somatic sensations from face to pons
CN V TRIGEMINAL (b) *only CN with a dermatome
46
CN that supplies senses to tongue & helps with swallowing/ speech
CN XII HYPOGLOSSAL (m)
47
oculomotor (11), trochlear (IV), and abducens (VI) nerves: related functions
control mm that move the eyeballs
48
CN responsible for hearing & equalibrium
CN VII VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR (s)
49
dura mater is continuous with...
epineurium of a spinal nerve
50
pia mater
innermost layer of meningeal tissue
51
spinal cord begins at the medulla oblongata & ends at the...
conus medullaris L1/L2
52
tract
bundle of neuronal axons all located in a specific area & all travel to same place
53
motor tracts - direct
corticospinal (anterior & lateral) corticobulbar pathway
54
motor tracts - indirect
rubrospinal tectospinal vestibulospinal reticulospinal (medial & lateral)

NEUROLOGY (9 decks)

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