midterm (bunch of BS) Flashcards
2 branches of the nervous system
CNS (brain & spinal cord)
PNS (everything outside PNS)
2 branches of the PNS
autonomic: communicates with internal organs & glands
somatic: communicates with sense organs & voluntary mm
2 branches of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)
sympathetic: arousing
parasympathetic: calming
2 divisions of the somatic nervous system (SNS)
sensory (afferent): sensory input
motor (efferent): motor output
how many spinal & cranial nerves
31 spinal nerves
12 cranial nerves
types of neuroglia in the CNS
ependymal cells
oligodendrocytes
astrocytes
microglia
types of neuroglia in the PNS
satellite cells
schwann cells
after demyelination occurs, schwann cells multiple by mitosis & grow toward each other to from a regeneration tube
Wallerian degeneration (PNS)
resting membrane potential
-70mV
(inside negative compared to outside)
graded & action potential communication distance
graded: short distance, varies in size of amplitude
action: long distance
4 types of ion channel gates
- leak
- ligand-gated
- mechanically gated
- voltage gated
do graded potentials travel down an axon?
NO
produce current that spreads to local regions & then dies out
action potential phases
- depolarizing (Na+)
- repolarizing (K+, membrane back to -70mV)
- hyperpolarizing (K+)
- refractory
2 types of propagation
continuous conduction: unmyelinated, slow
saltatory conduction: myelinated, fast, jump at nodes of ranvier
synapse
communication site (neuron & effector, neuron & neuron)
2 types of synapses
- electrical (faster, synchronized)
- chemical (neurotransmitter)
most common type of neurotransmitter
acetycholine
neurotransmitter removal
diffusion
enzymatic degradation
uptake by cells
diencephalon gives rise to…
thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
telencephalon gives rise to…
cerebral hemispheres & lateral ventricles
reflexes centers for visual, auditory & startle reflexes are processed where?
colliculi (superior & inferior)
what structure produces dopamine?
substantia nigra
(addiction)
white matter & gray matter
white: mylinated axons, white because of lipid
gray: neuronal cell bodies & dendrites, grey because lack of myelin
major motor tracts of body decussate & bulge, left brain controls right side of body
pyramids
ascending portion: reticular activating system (RAS)
consiousness
what governs equilibrium & balance
flocculonodular tube
ataxia
loss of ability to coordinate mm movements
what releases regulatory hormones?
hypothalamus
what connects the two cerebral hemishpheres?
corpus callosum
tracts between gyri in same hemisphere
association tracts
tracts between one hemisphere to another
commissural tracts
what separates the cerebrum into right & left hemispheres?
longitudinal fissure
basal nuceli
initiate/ terminate movements
the limbic system is also known as…
emotional brain
difference between cranial & spinal meninges
cranial dura has 2 layers
what supplies blood to the posterior brain?
vertebral arteries
circle of Willis
even when one artery is blocked, others can still get blood supply
alpha waves
present when awake but disappear during sleep
beta waves
nervous system active
theta waves
emotional stress / brain disorder
delta waves
deep, dreamless sleep
CN responsible for smell
CN I OLFACTORY (s)
CN responsible for vision
CN II OPTIC (s)
CN responsible for regulating visceral activity
CN X VAGUS (b)
CN that conveys impulses for somatic sensations from face to pons
CN V TRIGEMINAL (b)
*only CN with a dermatome
CN that supplies senses to tongue & helps with swallowing/ speech
CN XII HYPOGLOSSAL (m)
oculomotor (11), trochlear (IV), and abducens (VI) nerves: related functions
control mm that move the eyeballs
CN responsible for hearing & equalibrium
CN VII VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR (s)
dura mater is continuous with…
epineurium of a spinal nerve
pia mater
innermost layer of meningeal tissue
spinal cord begins at the medulla oblongata & ends at the…
conus medullaris
L1/L2
tract
bundle of neuronal axons all located in a specific area & all travel to same place
motor tracts - direct
corticospinal (anterior & lateral)
corticobulbar pathway
motor tracts - indirect
rubrospinal
tectospinal
vestibulospinal
reticulospinal (medial & lateral)
