midterm (bunch of BS)

Question 1

2 branches of the nervous system

Answer 1

CNS (brain & spinal cord)

PNS (everything outside PNS)

Question 2

2 branches of the PNS

Answer 2

autonomic: communicates with internal organs & glands

somatic: communicates with sense organs & voluntary mm

Question 3

2 branches of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Answer 3

sympathetic: arousing

parasympathetic: calming

Question 4

2 divisions of the somatic nervous system (SNS)

Answer 4

sensory (afferent): sensory input

motor (efferent): motor output

Question 5

how many spinal & cranial nerves

Answer 5

31 spinal nerves

12 cranial nerves

Question 6

types of neuroglia in the CNS

Answer 6

ependymal cells
oligodendrocytes
astrocytes
microglia

Question 7

types of neuroglia in the PNS

Answer 7

satellite cells
schwann cells

Question 8

after demyelination occurs, schwann cells multiple by mitosis & grow toward each other to from a regeneration tube

Answer 8

Wallerian degeneration (PNS)

Question 9

resting membrane potential

Answer 9

-70mV

(inside negative compared to outside)

Question 10

graded & action potential communication distance

Answer 10

graded: short distance, varies in size of amplitude

action: long distance

Question 11

4 types of ion channel gates

Answer 11

1. leak
2. ligand-gated
3. mechanically gated
4. voltage gated

Question 12

do graded potentials travel down an axon?

Answer 12

NO

produce current that spreads to local regions & then dies out

Question 13

action potential phases

Answer 13

1. depolarizing (Na+)
2. repolarizing (K+, membrane back to -70mV)
3. hyperpolarizing (K+)
4. refractory

Question 14

2 types of propagation

Answer 14

continuous conduction: unmyelinated, slow

saltatory conduction: myelinated, fast, jump at nodes of ranvier

Question 15

synapse

Answer 15

communication site (neuron & effector, neuron & neuron)

Question 16

2 types of synapses

Answer 16

1. electrical (faster, synchronized)
2. chemical (neurotransmitter)

Question 17

most common type of neurotransmitter

Answer 17

acetycholine

Question 18

neurotransmitter removal

Answer 18

diffusion
enzymatic degradation
uptake by cells

Question 19

diencephalon gives rise to…

Answer 19

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

Question 20

telencephalon gives rise to…

Answer 20

cerebral hemispheres & lateral ventricles

Question 21

reflexes centers for visual, auditory & startle reflexes are processed where?

Answer 21

colliculi (superior & inferior)

Question 22

what structure produces dopamine?

Answer 22

substantia nigra

(addiction)

Question 23

white matter & gray matter

Answer 23

white: mylinated axons, white because of lipid

gray: neuronal cell bodies & dendrites, grey because lack of myelin

Question 24

major motor tracts of body decussate & bulge, left brain controls right side of body

Answer 24

pyramids

Question 25

ascending portion: reticular activating system (RAS)

Answer 25

consiousness

Question 26

what governs equilibrium & balance

Answer 26

flocculonodular tube

Question 27

ataxia

Answer 27

loss of ability to coordinate mm movements

Question 28

what releases regulatory hormones?

Answer 28

hypothalamus

Question 29

what connects the two cerebral hemishpheres?

Answer 29

corpus callosum

Question 30

tracts between gyri in same hemisphere

Answer 30

association tracts

Question 31

tracts between one hemisphere to another

Answer 31

commissural tracts

Question 32

what separates the cerebrum into right & left hemispheres?

Answer 32

longitudinal fissure

Question 33

basal nuceli

Answer 33

initiate/ terminate movements

Question 34

the limbic system is also known as…

Answer 34

emotional brain

Question 35

difference between cranial & spinal meninges

Answer 35

cranial dura has 2 layers

Question 36

what supplies blood to the posterior brain?

Answer 36

vertebral arteries

Question 37

circle of Willis

Answer 37

even when one artery is blocked, others can still get blood supply

Question 38

alpha waves

Answer 38

present when awake but disappear during sleep

Question 39

beta waves

Answer 39

nervous system active

Question 40

theta waves

Answer 40

emotional stress / brain disorder

Question 41

delta waves

Answer 41

deep, dreamless sleep

Question 42

CN responsible for smell

Answer 42

CN I OLFACTORY (s)

Question 43

CN responsible for vision

Answer 43

CN II OPTIC (s)

Question 44

CN responsible for regulating visceral activity

Answer 44

CN X VAGUS (b)

Question 45

CN that conveys impulses for somatic sensations from face to pons

Answer 45

CN V TRIGEMINAL (b)

*only CN with a dermatome

Question 46

CN that supplies senses to tongue & helps with swallowing/ speech

Answer 46

CN XII HYPOGLOSSAL (m)

Question 47

oculomotor (11), trochlear (IV), and abducens (VI) nerves: related functions

Answer 47

control mm that move the eyeballs

Question 48

CN responsible for hearing & equalibrium

Answer 48

CN VII VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR (s)

Question 49

dura mater is continuous with…

Answer 49

epineurium of a spinal nerve

Question 50

pia mater

Answer 50

innermost layer of meningeal tissue

Question 51

spinal cord begins at the medulla oblongata & ends at the…

Answer 51

conus medullaris

L1/L2

Question 52

tract

Answer 52

bundle of neuronal axons all located in a specific area & all travel to same place

Question 53

motor tracts - direct

Answer 53

corticospinal (anterior & lateral)
corticobulbar pathway

Question 54

motor tracts - indirect

Answer 54

rubrospinal
tectospinal
vestibulospinal
reticulospinal (medial & lateral)