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NEUROLOGY > quiz #1 - review > Flashcards

quiz #1 - review Flashcards

1
Q

the nervous system branches into…

A

CNS (brain & spinal cord)

PNS

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2
Q

the peripheral nervous system (PNS) branches into…

A

autonomic (ANS): communicates with internal organs & glands

somatic (SNS): communicates with sense organs & voluntary mm

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3
Q

the autonomic nervous system (ANS) branches into…

A

sympathetic: “fight or flight”

parasympathetic: “rest & digest”

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4
Q

the somatic nervous system (SNS) branches into…

A

sensory (afferent): sensory input

motor (efferent): motor output

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5
Q

how many spinal & cranial nerve pairs

A

31 spinal nerves

12 cranial nerves

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6
Q

nervous system functional organization (3)

A

sensory
integrative
motor

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7
Q

types of neuroglia in the CNS

A

ependymal cells
oligodendrocytes
astrocytes
microglia

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8
Q

types of neuroglia in the PNS

A

satellite cells
schwann cells

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9
Q

Wallerian degeneration (PNS)

A

-after injury, “Wallerian degeneration” (demyelination) occurs
-schwann cells then multiply by mitosis, form regeneration tube
-tube grows length of axon

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10
Q

resting membrane potential

A

-70mV (inside more negative than outside)

= polarized

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11
Q

graded potential (communication)

A

short distance communication, varies in size of amplitude

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12
Q

action potential

A

long distance communication

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13
Q

3 factors that produce RMP

A
  1. unequal distribution of ions
  2. inability of most anions to leave cell (too large)
  3. electrogenic nature of Na+, K+, ATPase
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14
Q

4 types of ion channel gates

A
  1. leak channel (always open)
  2. ligand-gated (neurotransmitter, hormone, iron, etc.)
  3. mechanically gated (vibration, pressure, auditory, etc.)
  4. voltage gated (membrane potential)
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15
Q

graded potential

A

-arise in dendrites & cell body of neuron, do NOT travel down axon
-produce current, spreads to local regions then dies out

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16
Q

two graded potentials joined together

A

summation

17
Q

3 possible outcome of summation

A
  1. EPSP: excitatory (may be big enough to trigger AP)
  2. IPSP: inhibitory
  3. action potential
18
Q

2 types of summation

A

spatial: different location, same time

temporal: same location, different time

19
Q

4 action potential phases

A
  1. depolarizing
  2. repolarizing
  3. hyperpolarizing (possible)
  4. refractory period (break)
20
Q

depolarizing phase

A

-stimulus reach threshold
-voltage gated Na+ open, Na+ moves in
-potential reaches 0 then +, activates depolarizing phase

21
Q

repolarizing phase

A

-Na+ channels close
-K+ channels open, K+ flows out
-membrane back to -70mV

22
Q

hyperpolarizing phase

A

-K+ overflow out
-K+ channels close
-restore resting MP

23
Q

2 types of propagation

A

continuous conduction: unmyelinated, slow

saltatory: “leap”, myelinated, fast, jump at nodes of ranvier

24
Q

3 factors that affect speed of action potential

A
  1. amount of myelination: more = faster
  2. axon diameter: bigger = faster
  3. temperature: higher = faster
25
Q

A fibers

A

-largest
-fast
-myelinated
(touch, pressure, thermal, pain)

26
Q

B fibers

A

-mid sized
-partially myelinated
(from viscera to brain, ANS)

27
Q

C fibers

A

-smallest
-slow
-unmyelinated
(heart, smooth mm & glands)

28
Q

synapse

A

communication site
(neuron & effector / neuron & neuron)

29
Q

synaptic end bulb

A

end of axon

30
Q

synaptic vesicle

A

neurotransmitter package

31
Q

neurotransmitter

A

information chemical

32
Q

presynaptic & postsynaptic

A

pre: neuron before synapse

post: neuron after synapse

33
Q

2 types of synapses

A
  1. electrical: faster & synchronization
  2. chemical: use neurotransmitter (Ca2+)
34
Q

types of synapses (by structure)

A

axodendritic
axosomatic
axoaxonic

35
Q

most common type of neurotransmitter

A

acetycholine

36
Q

2 types of neurotransmitter receptors

A
  1. ionotropic: binding site & channel made of ONE same protein
  2. metabotropic: G protein, 2nd messenger, channel at different spot
37
Q

3 ways to remove a neurotransmitter

A
  1. diffusion
  2. enzymatic degredation
  3. uptake by cells
38
Q

5 types of neural circuits

A
  1. divergence
  2. convergence
  3. serial processing
  4. parallel processing
  5. reverberation

NEUROLOGY (9 decks)

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