FINAL EXAM Flashcards
Which pain impulse is carrying the pain impulse to Sarah’s cortex?
Spinothalamic (anterolateral) pathway
Which type of cell is the pain receptor in Sarah’s toe?
Free nerve ending
Which part of the autonomic system contributed to Sarah’s feelings of anger?
Sympathetic nervous system (SNS)
Why does Sarah’s anger feel quick and intense but takes longer to calm down?
SNS are more diffuse than PNS
Why did Sarah feel the sharp pain before the dull ache?
because sharp pain travels on myelinated A fibers
What is the name of the reflex that Sarah experienced when her leg bent in response to stubbing her toe?
flexor (withdrawal) reflex
What would Sarah’s right leg do automatically when she bent her leg and lifted it off the floor?
extend & engage to keep her from falling
The part of the sensory pathway that carries the pain impulse from Sarah’s toe to the nervous system is also known as…
first order neuron
T/F - the tract that carries information to Sarah’s brain would cross in the spinal cord
TRUE
the last myotome Tommy can move is C4, this means he can _____ but can’t _____ them
Shrug his shoulder
Can’t abduct them
T/F - Tommy would have feelings in his face but nothing else
FALSE
What is the outermost protective layer of Tommy’s spinal cord?
Dura layer
Tommy’s injury would be considered an _____ injury
upper motor neuron (maybe lower?? idk)
Which of these tracts is in Tommy’s posterior spinal cord?
dorsal columns medial lemniscus
CSF comes from the _____
ventricles
Tommy drives his power wheelchair using a _____ system. The nerve that allows him to use his facial MM for this is _____
“Sip and puff” system
facial nerve (VII)
When Jill feels the heat of the light, what process does the sensation go through before it reaches the brain?
Stimulation → Transduction → Generation → Integration
When Jill is standing at the podium, which sensory receptors are providing information about her body position, mm length, tension, position and motion of joint and equilibrium?
proprioceptors
Jills thermoreceptors are sensitive to…
cold and warm temperatures
Why does Jill feel her shoulders are sore after her run?
referred visceral pain
If the spotlights got above 40ºc which receptors would kick in?
nociceptors
Which part of Jill’s brain is most likely contributing to her emotions?
limbic
Where in Jill’s brain does the sensory information about the hot lights and pain end up?
Primary somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobe
When Jill twisted her ankle, which of these receptors were stimulated?
Golgi tendon organs, MM spindles
list the possible peripheral nerve injuries from least to most severe
Neuropraxia
Axonotmesis
Neurotmesis
Jill’s pounding heart is a result of which neurotransmitters in the ANS?
Acetylcholine & Norepinephrine
The cells that secrete acetylcholine are called…
cholinergic
The synapses that these neurotransmitters travel across are…
chemical
Input from the ANS is often from…
interoceptors
Which neural pathway consists of 2 motor neurons?
somatic & motor
The sympathetic preganglionic neurons are located in the…
spinal cord
The enteric division of the nervous system consists of…
nerves & ganglia within walls of the GI tract and regulates both contraction of smooth mm and secretion of digestive glands
works with vagus nerve
The sympathetic division increases…
heart rate
Cholinergic neurons release _____ while adrenergic neurons release _____
Acetylcholine
Norepinephrine
Which sensory pathway carries impulses regarding coordination, posture, and balance from the limbs, trunk, and neck to cerebellum
spinocerebellar
Types of neurons conduct impulses from the thalamus to the primary Somatosensory area of the cerebral cortex
third order neuron
Which describes each type of sensation - such as touch, pain, vision, or hearing
sensory modality
Type of sensation pacinian corpuscles respond to…
pressure
Which nerves arises from the lumbosacral plexus?
femoral nerve
What do astrocytes do?
create the blood brain barrier
Oligodendrocytes produce myelin in the…
central nervous system (CNS)
Ependymal cells produce…
cerebrospinal fluid
Schwann cells produce myelin in the…
PNS
Microglia play a role in the immune defense of…
CNS
The sympathetic nervous system is associated with cell bodies in…
all of the above
-cell bodies in thoracic & lumbar sections of spinal cord
-short pre-ganglionic axons & long post-ganglionic axons
-fight or flight
Parasympathetic nervous system is associated with…
constricted pupils
The sympathetic nervous system is associated with being ____ to ramp up than the parasympathetic nervous system, because it creates a more diffuse response
faster
The parasympathetic nervous system is associated with…
long pre-ganglionic & short post-ganglionic axons
modalities of the somatic sensation
pain, temperature & proprioception
Which is not one of the five special senses?
touch
Sensory pathway is ____ and ____
Afferent
Ascending
What conditions must be met for a peripheral nerve to repair?
Must be in peripheral nerve system
Schwann cell must be intact
Intact body cell
Temperature may be detected by…
pain receptors
Meissner corpuscles are located primarily in the…
dermis
Abducens is in the…
6th cranial nerve (VI)
The term bulbar palsy relates to…
Cranial nerve, 9 to 12
(glossopharyngeal IX - hypoglossal XII)
Enteroreceptors convey info regarding…
touch
The following are mechanoreceptors:
Meisner’s corpuscles
Hair cells of inner ear
Ruffini corpuscles
The sensation of warmth has different receptors than ____
cold
The sensation of pain…
transmitted by both A & C fibers
Referred pain from the heart can travel to…
the upper back, left jaw, left arm
Conscious proprioception runs through the…
Thalamus and cerebral cortex
The muscle spindle has a connective tissue capsule that anchors the…
endomysium & perimysium
Transduction of a stimulus for sensation occurs along…
first order neurons
A receptor potential is a…
graded potential
Which ion is required by the nervous system to perceive a sour taste sensation?
H+ (hydrogen)
Kinaesthesia is conscious perception of…
body movements
In order to enjoy pizza, one requires…
fungiform papillae
filiform papillae
an intact Bulbar region
Cranial nerves involved in taste are…
cranial nerves 7, 9, & 10
(facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus)
While you digest your pizza, it is being propelled through your intestines by contraction of…
smooth mm under control of the enteric nervous system
Brian was born with night blindness, so he can’t see in low light conditions – what are the cells affected?
rods
Sound is perceived via…
Sound waves causing tympanic membrane to vibrate
Vibration is transmitted to the malleus, incus, stapes, which pushes on the ____, creating a pressure wave through the fluid of cochlea
oval window
The sensation of sound must travel through the medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus before reaching the…
Primary auditory complex of the temporal lobe
Function of the ciliary muscles of the ciliary body is to…
focus the lens of the eye
Hair cells are receptor cells for…
auditory & vestibular systems
The central nervous system response is sustained longer than parasympathetic because ____ is released into the bloodstream and cleared relatively slowly by the liver
Epinephrine
Posterior white columns carry info regarding…
discriminative touch, vibration, conscious proprioception
2 major tracks that form posterior columns
Gray fasciculus & cuneate fasciculus
Types of neurons conduct impulses from thalamus to the primary somatosensory area of the cerebral cortex
3rd order neuron
Route of impulse transmission in correct order
photoreceptors, bi-polar cells, ganglion cells, optic nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract
Acetylcholine is the only neurotransmitter found in the ____ nervous system
parasympathetic
Sympathetic trunk ganglia primarily serve organs above the diaphragm
(all of the above)
pre-ventral ganglia, organs below diaphragm, terminal ganglia, visceral organs
Part of the nervous system is the main control and integrative center of the autonomic nervous system
hypothalamus
If I stick a needle into the spinal column, in which order would it hit structures?
epidermis, muscle, dura, arachnoid, cerebrospinal fluid, pia
T/F – The circle of Willis ensures that arterial BLOOD can reach the entire brain, even if a route is blocked
TRUE ??
What does diencephalon give rise to?
thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
largest motor tract in body that forms 2 bulges in Medulla oblongata
pyramids
Region of cerebellum governs equilibrium & balance
flocculonodular lobe
The deep valley that separates the left and right hemispheres is called the ____, while the white matter which connects them is called ____
Longitudinal fissure
Corpus callosum
function of the Pineal Gland
secretes melatonin
What is significant about the central sulcus?
separates primary motor area from primary sensory area
Which is false regarding neuroglia?
produces action potentials, so no, it does NOT produce action potentials
What is the definition of a ganglion?
cluster of cell bodies outside the CNS
Difference between bipolar and multipolar neurons
Bipolar = one dendrite, one axon
Multipolar = several dendrites, one axon
Why does a sensory receptor respond to one particular kind of stimulus?
selectivity
nerve impulses for the sense of hearing are initiated in the ____, and then travel through the cochlear branch of the ____ of the medulla oblongata
spiral organ (organ of corti)
CN VII (facial)
correct sequence of events of an olfactory receptor reacting to an odorant
production of CAMP → opening of sodium ion channels → depolarization → generation of nerve impulse
Preganglionic fibers to the ciliary ganglion are associated with which cranial nerve?
CN III (oculomotor), for the preganglionic fibers to the ciliary ganglion
The adrenergic receptors for norepinephrine and epinephrine are…
alpha & beta
