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NEUROLOGY > FINAL EXAM > Flashcards

FINAL EXAM Flashcards

1
Q

Which pain impulse is carrying the pain impulse to Sarah’s cortex?

A

Spinothalamic (anterolateral) pathway

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2
Q

Which type of cell is the pain receptor in Sarah’s toe?

A

Free nerve ending

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3
Q

Which part of the autonomic system contributed to Sarah’s feelings of anger?

A

Sympathetic nervous system (SNS)

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4
Q

Why does Sarah’s anger feel quick and intense but takes longer to calm down?

A

SNS are more diffuse than PNS

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5
Q

Why did Sarah feel the sharp pain before the dull ache?

A

because sharp pain travels on myelinated A fibers

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6
Q

What is the name of the reflex that Sarah experienced when her leg bent in response to stubbing her toe?

A

flexor (withdrawal) reflex

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7
Q

What would Sarah’s right leg do automatically when she bent her leg and lifted it off the floor?

A

extend & engage to keep her from falling

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8
Q

The part of the sensory pathway that carries the pain impulse from Sarah’s toe to the nervous system is also known as…

A

first order neuron

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9
Q

T/F - the tract that carries information to Sarah’s brain would cross in the spinal cord

A

TRUE

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10
Q

the last myotome Tommy can move is C4, this means he can _____ but can’t _____ them

A

Shrug his shoulder

Can’t abduct them

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11
Q

T/F - Tommy would have feelings in his face but nothing else

A

FALSE

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12
Q

What is the outermost protective layer of Tommy’s spinal cord?

A

Dura layer

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13
Q

Tommy’s injury would be considered an _____ injury

A

upper motor neuron

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14
Q

Which of these tracts is in Tommy’s posterior spinal cord?

A

dorsal columns medial lemniscus

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15
Q

CSF comes from the _____

A

ventricles

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16
Q

Tommy drives his power wheelchair using a _____ system. The nerve that allows him to use his facial MM for this is _____

A

“Sip and puff” system

facial nerve (VII)

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17
Q

When Jill feels the heat of the light, what process does the sensation go through before it reaches the brain?

A

Stimulation → Transduction → Generation → Integration

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18
Q

When Jill is standing at the podium, which sensory receptors are providing information about her body position, mm length, tension, position and motion of joint and equilibrium?

A

proprioceptors

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19
Q

Jills thermoreceptors are sensitive to…

A

cold and warm temperatures

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20
Q

Why does Jill feel her shoulders are sore after her run?

A

referred visceral pain

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21
Q

If the spotlights got above 40ºc which receptors would kick in?

A

nociceptors

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22
Q

Which part of Jill’s brain is most likely contributing to her emotions?

A

limbic

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23
Q

Where in Jill’s brain does the sensory information about the hot lights and pain end up?

A

Primary somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobe

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24
Q

When Jill twisted her ankle, which of these receptors were stimulated?

A

Golgi tendon organs, MM spindles

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25
Q

list the possible peripheral nerve injuries from least to most severe

A

Neuropraxia
Axonotmesis
Neurotmesis

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26
Q

Jill’s pounding heart is a result of which neurotransmitters in the ANS?

A

Acetylcholine & Norepinephrine

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27
Q

The cells that secrete acetylcholine are called…

A

cholinergic

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28
Q

The synapses that these neurotransmitters travel across are…

A

chemical

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29
Q

Input from the ANS is often from…

A

interoceptors

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30
Q

Which neural pathway consists of 2 motor neurons?

A

somatic & motor

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31
Q

The sympathetic preganglionic neurons are located in the…

A

spinal cord

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32
Q

The enteric division of the nervous system consists of…

A

nerves & ganglia within walls of the GI tract and regulates both contraction of smooth mm and secretion of digestive glands

works with vagus nerve

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33
Q

The sympathetic division increases…

A

heart rate

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34
Q

Cholinergic neurons release _____ while adrenergic neurons release _____

A

Acetylcholine

Norepinephrine

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35
Q

Which sensory pathway carries impulses regarding coordination, posture, and balance from the limbs, trunk, and neck to cerebellum

A

spinocerebellar

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36
Q

Types of neurons conduct impulses from the thalamus to the primary Somatosensory area of the cerebral cortex

A

third order neuron

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37
Q

Which describes each type of sensation - such as touch, pain, vision, or hearing

A

sensory modality

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38
Q

Type of sensation Perkinjie corpuscles respond to…

A

pressure

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39
Q

Which nerves arises from the lumbosacral plexus?

A

femoral nerve

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40
Q

What do astrocytes do?

A

create the blood brain barrier

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41
Q

Oligodendrocytes produce myelin in the…

A

central nervous system (CNS)

42
Q

Ependymal cells produce…

A

cerebrospinal fluid

43
Q

Schwann cells produce myelin in the…

A

PNS

44
Q

Microglia play a role in the immune defense of…

A

CNS

45
Q

The sympathetic nervous system is associated with cell bodies in…

A

Thoracic & lumbar sections of the spinal cord

46
Q

The pre-sympathetic nervous system is associated with…

A

Constricted pupils

47
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system is associated with…

A

Constricted pupils

48
Q

The sympathetic nervous system is associated with being ____ to ramp up than the parasympathetic nervous system, because it creates a more diffuse response

A

faster

49
Q

modalities of the somatic sensation that equal pain

A

proprioception & temperature – for somatic sensation

50
Q

Which is not one of the five special senses?

A

touch

51
Q

Sensory pathway is ____ and ____

A

Afferent

Ascending

52
Q

What conditions must be met for a peripheral nerve to repair?

A

Must be in peripheral nerve system
Schwann cell must be intact
Intact body cell

53
Q

Temperature may be detected by…

A

pain receptors

54
Q

Meissner corpuscles are located primarily in the…

A

dermis

55
Q

Abducens is in the…

A

6th cranial nerve (VI)

56
Q

The term bulbar palsy relates to…

A

Cranial nerve, 9 to 12 (IX - XII)

57
Q

Enteroreceptors convey info regarding…

A

touch

58
Q

The following are mechanoreceptors:

A

Meisner’s corpuscles
Hair cells of inner ear
Ruffini corpuscles

59
Q

The sensation of warmth has different receptors than ____

A

cold

60
Q

The sensation of pain…

A

transmitted by both A & C fibers

61
Q

Referred pain from the heart can travel to…

A

the upper back, left jaw, left arm

62
Q

Conscious proprioception runs through the…

A

Thalamus and cerebral cortex

63
Q

The muscle spindle has a connective tissue capsule that anchors the…

A

endomysium & perimysium

64
Q

Transduction of a stimulus for sensation occurs along…

A

first order neurons

65
Q

A receptor potential is a…

A

graded potential

66
Q

Which ion is required by the nervous system to perceive a sour taste sensation?

A

H+ (hydrogen)

67
Q

Kinaesthesia is conscious perception of…

A

body movements

68
Q

In order to enjoy pizza, one requires…

A

fungiform papillae

69
Q

Filiform papillae…

A

intact bulbar region

70
Q

Cranial nerves involved in taste are…

A

cranial nerves 7, 9, & 10

71
Q

While you digest your pizza, it is being propelled through your intestines by contraction of…

A

smooth mm under control of the enteric nervous system

72
Q

Brian was born with night blindness, so he can’t see in low light conditions – what are the cells affected?

A

rods

73
Q

Sound is perceived via…

A

Sound waves causing tympanic membrane to vibrate

74
Q

Vibration is transmitted to the malleus, incus stapes, which pushes on the ____, creating a pressure wave through the fluid of cochlea

A

oval window

75
Q

The sensation of sound must travel through the medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus before reaching the…

A

Primary auditory complex of the temporal lobe

76
Q

Function of the ciliary muscles of the ciliary body is to…

A

focus the lens of the eye

77
Q

Hair cells are receptor cells for…

A

auditory & vestibular systems

78
Q

The central nervous system response is sustained longer than parasympathetic because ____ is released into the bloodstream and cleared relatively slowly by the liver

A

Epinephrine

79
Q

Posterior white columns carry info regarding discriminative touch…

A

vibration, conscious proprioception

80
Q

2 major tracks that form posterior columns

A

Gray fasciculus & cuneate fasciculus

81
Q

Types of neurons conduct impulses from thalamus to the primary somatosensory area of the cerebral cortex

A

3rd order neuron

82
Q

Route of impulse transmission in correct order

A

photoreceptors, bi-polar cells, ganglion cells, optic nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract

83
Q

Acetylcholine is the only neurotransmitter found in the ____ nervous system

A

parasympathetic

84
Q

Sympathetic trunk ganglia primarily serve organs above the diaphragm

A

pre-ventral ganglia, organs below diaphragm, terminal ganglia, visceral organs

85
Q

Part of the nervous system is the main control and integrative center of the autonomic nervous system

A

hypothalamus

86
Q

If I stick a needle into the spinal column, in which order would it hit structures?

A

epidermis, muscle, dura, arachnoid, cerebrospinal fluid, pia

87
Q

T/F – The circle of Willis ensures that arterial blood can reach the entire brain, even if a route is blocked

A

TRUE ??

88
Q

What does diencephalon give rise to?

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

89
Q

largest motor tract in body that forms 2 bulges in Medulla oblongata

A

pyramids

90
Q

Region of cerebellum governs equilibrium & balance

A

flocculonodular lobe

91
Q

The deep valley that separates the left and right hemispheres is called the ____, while the white matter which connects them is called ____

A

Longitudinal fissure

Corpus callosum

92
Q

What is significant about the central sulcus?

A

separates primary motor area from primary sensory area

93
Q

Which is false regarding neuralgia?

A

produces action potentials, so no, it does NOT produce action potentials

94
Q

What is the definition of a ganglion?

A

cluster of cell bodies outside the CNS

95
Q

Difference between bipolar and multipolar neurons

A

Bipolar = dendrite, one axon

Multipolar = several dendrites, one axon

96
Q

Why does a sensory receptor respond to one particular kind of stimulus?

A

selectivity

97
Q

nerve impulses for the sense of hearing are initiated in the ____, and then travel through the cochlear branch of the cranial nerve 7 of the medulla oblongata

A

spiral organ

98
Q

correct sequence of events of an olfactory receptor reacting to an odorant

A

production of CAMP → opening of sodium ion channels → depolarization → generation of nerve impulse

99
Q

Preganglionic fibers to the ciliary ganglion are associated with which cranial nerve?

A

cranial nerve 3, for the preganglionic fibers to the ciliary ganglion

100
Q

The adrenergic receptors for norepinephrine and epinephrine are…

A

alpha & beta

NEUROLOGY (9 decks)

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