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FINAL EXAM Flashcards

1
Q

Which pain impulse is carrying the pain impulse to Sarah’s cortex?

A

Spinothalamic (anterolateral) pathway

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2
Q

Which type of cell is the pain receptor in Sarah’s toe?

A

Free nerve ending

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3
Q

Which part of the autonomic system contributed to Sarah’s feelings of anger?

A

Sympathetic nervous system (SNS)

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4
Q

Why does Sarah’s anger feel quick and intense but takes longer to calm down?

A

SNS are more diffuse than PNS

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5
Q

Why did Sarah feel the sharp pain before the dull ache?

A

because sharp pain travels on myelinated A fibers

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6
Q

What is the name of the reflex that Sarah experienced when her leg bent in response to stubbing her toe?

A

flexor (withdrawal) reflex

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7
Q

What would Sarah’s right leg do automatically when she bent her leg and lifted it off the floor?

A

extend & engage to keep her from falling

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8
Q

The part of the sensory pathway that carries the pain impulse from Sarah’s toe to the nervous system is also known as…

A

first order neuron

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9
Q

T/F - the tract that carries information to Sarah’s brain would cross in the spinal cord

A

TRUE

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10
Q

the last myotome Tommy can move is C4, this means he can _____ but can’t _____ them

A

Shrug his shoulder

Can’t abduct them

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11
Q

T/F - Tommy would have feelings in his face but nothing else

A

FALSE

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12
Q

What is the outermost protective layer of Tommy’s spinal cord?

A

Dura layer

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13
Q

Tommy’s injury would be considered an _____ injury

A

upper motor neuron (maybe lower?? idk)

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14
Q

Which of these tracts is in Tommy’s posterior spinal cord?

A

dorsal columns medial lemniscus

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15
Q

CSF comes from the _____

A

ventricles

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16
Q

Tommy drives his power wheelchair using a _____ system. The nerve that allows him to use his facial MM for this is _____

A

“Sip and puff” system

facial nerve (VII)

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17
Q

When Jill feels the heat of the light, what process does the sensation go through before it reaches the brain?

A

Stimulation → Transduction → Generation → Integration

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18
Q

When Jill is standing at the podium, which sensory receptors are providing information about her body position, mm length, tension, position and motion of joint and equilibrium?

A

proprioceptors

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19
Q

Jills thermoreceptors are sensitive to…

A

cold and warm temperatures

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20
Q

Why does Jill feel her shoulders are sore after her run?

A

referred visceral pain

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21
Q

If the spotlights got above 40ºc which receptors would kick in?

A

nociceptors

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22
Q

Which part of Jill’s brain is most likely contributing to her emotions?

A

limbic

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23
Q

Where in Jill’s brain does the sensory information about the hot lights and pain end up?

A

Primary somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobe

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24
Q

When Jill twisted her ankle, which of these receptors were stimulated?

A

Golgi tendon organs, MM spindles

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25
list the possible peripheral nerve injuries from least to most severe
Neuropraxia Axonotmesis Neurotmesis
26
Jill’s pounding heart is a result of which neurotransmitters in the ANS?
Acetylcholine & Norepinephrine
27
The cells that secrete acetylcholine are called…
cholinergic
28
The synapses that these neurotransmitters travel across are…
chemical
29
Input from the ANS is often from…
interoceptors
30
Which neural pathway consists of 2 motor neurons?
somatic & motor
31
The sympathetic preganglionic neurons are located in the…
spinal cord
32
The enteric division of the nervous system consists of…
nerves & ganglia within walls of the GI tract and regulates both contraction of smooth mm and secretion of digestive glands works with vagus nerve
33
The sympathetic division increases...
heart rate
34
Cholinergic neurons release _____ while adrenergic neurons release _____
Acetylcholine Norepinephrine
35
Which sensory pathway carries impulses regarding coordination, posture, and balance from the limbs, trunk, and neck to cerebellum
spinocerebellar
36
Types of neurons conduct impulses from the thalamus to the primary Somatosensory area of the cerebral cortex
third order neuron
37
Which describes each type of sensation - such as touch, pain, vision, or hearing
sensory modality
38
Type of sensation pacinian corpuscles respond to…
pressure
39
Which nerves arises from the lumbosacral plexus?
femoral nerve
40
What do astrocytes do?
create the blood brain barrier
41
Oligodendrocytes produce myelin in the…
central nervous system (CNS)
42
Ependymal cells produce...
cerebrospinal fluid
43
Schwann cells produce myelin in the…
PNS
44
Microglia play a role in the immune defense of…
CNS
45
The sympathetic nervous system is associated with cell bodies in…
all of the above -cell bodies in thoracic & lumbar sections of spinal cord -short pre-ganglionic axons & long post-ganglionic axons -fight or flight
46
Parasympathetic nervous system is associated with…
constricted pupils
47
The sympathetic nervous system is associated with being ____ to ramp up than the parasympathetic nervous system, because it creates a more diffuse response
faster
48
The parasympathetic nervous system is associated with...
long pre-ganglionic & short post-ganglionic axons
49
modalities of the somatic sensation
pain, temperature & proprioception
50
Which is not one of the five special senses?
touch
51
Sensory pathway is ____ and ____
Afferent Ascending
52
What conditions must be met for a peripheral nerve to repair?
Must be in peripheral nerve system Schwann cell must be intact Intact body cell
53
Temperature may be detected by…
pain receptors
54
Meissner corpuscles are located primarily in the…
dermis
55
Abducens is in the…
6th cranial nerve (VI)
56
The term bulbar palsy relates to…
Cranial nerve, 9 to 12 (glossopharyngeal IX - hypoglossal XII)
57
Enteroreceptors convey info regarding…
touch
58
The following are mechanoreceptors:
Meisner's corpuscles Hair cells of inner ear Ruffini corpuscles
59
The sensation of warmth has different receptors than ____
cold
60
The sensation of pain…
transmitted by both A & C fibers
61
Referred pain from the heart can travel to…
the upper back, left jaw, left arm
62
Conscious proprioception runs through the…
Thalamus and cerebral cortex
63
The muscle spindle has a connective tissue capsule that anchors the...
endomysium & perimysium
64
Transduction of a stimulus for sensation occurs along…
first order neurons
65
A receptor potential is a…
graded potential
66
Which ion is required by the nervous system to perceive a sour taste sensation?
H+ (hydrogen)
67
Kinaesthesia is conscious perception of…
body movements
68
In order to enjoy pizza, one requires…
fungiform papillae filiform papillae an intact Bulbar region
69
Cranial nerves involved in taste are…
cranial nerves 7, 9, & 10 (facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus)
70
While you digest your pizza, it is being propelled through your intestines by contraction of…
smooth mm under control of the enteric nervous system
71
Brian was born with night blindness, so he can't see in low light conditions – what are the cells affected?
rods
72
Sound is perceived via…
Sound waves causing tympanic membrane to vibrate
73
Vibration is transmitted to the malleus, incus, stapes, which pushes on the ____, creating a pressure wave through the fluid of cochlea
oval window
74
The sensation of sound must travel through the medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus before reaching the…
Primary auditory complex of the temporal lobe
75
Function of the ciliary muscles of the ciliary body is to…
focus the lens of the eye
76
Hair cells are receptor cells for…
auditory & vestibular systems
77
The central nervous system response is sustained longer than parasympathetic because ____ is released into the bloodstream and cleared relatively slowly by the liver
Epinephrine
78
Posterior white columns carry info regarding...
discriminative touch, vibration, conscious proprioception
79
2 major tracks that form posterior columns
Gray fasciculus & cuneate fasciculus
80
Types of neurons conduct impulses from thalamus to the primary somatosensory area of the cerebral cortex
3rd order neuron
81
Route of impulse transmission in correct order
photoreceptors, bi-polar cells, ganglion cells, optic nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract
82
Acetylcholine is the only neurotransmitter found in the ____ nervous system
parasympathetic
83
Sympathetic trunk ganglia primarily serve organs above the diaphragm
(all of the above) pre-ventral ganglia, organs below diaphragm, terminal ganglia, visceral organs
84
Part of the nervous system is the main control and integrative center of the autonomic nervous system
hypothalamus
85
If I stick a needle into the spinal column, in which order would it hit structures?
epidermis, muscle, dura, arachnoid, cerebrospinal fluid, pia
86
T/F – The circle of Willis ensures that arterial BLOOD can reach the entire brain, even if a route is blocked
TRUE ??
87
What does diencephalon give rise to?
thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
88
largest motor tract in body that forms 2 bulges in Medulla oblongata
pyramids
89
Region of cerebellum governs equilibrium & balance
flocculonodular lobe
90
The deep valley that separates the left and right hemispheres is called the ____, while the white matter which connects them is called ____
Longitudinal fissure Corpus callosum
91
function of the Pineal Gland
secretes melatonin
92
What is significant about the central sulcus?
separates primary motor area from primary sensory area
93
Which is false regarding neuroglia?
produces action potentials, so no, it does NOT produce action potentials
94
What is the definition of a ganglion?
cluster of cell bodies outside the CNS
95
Difference between bipolar and multipolar neurons
Bipolar = one dendrite, one axon Multipolar = several dendrites, one axon
96
Why does a sensory receptor respond to one particular kind of stimulus?
selectivity
97
nerve impulses for the sense of hearing are initiated in the ____, and then travel through the cochlear branch of the ____ of the medulla oblongata
spiral organ (organ of corti) CN VII (facial)
98
correct sequence of events of an olfactory receptor reacting to an odorant
production of CAMP → opening of sodium ion channels → depolarization → generation of nerve impulse
99
Preganglionic fibers to the ciliary ganglion are associated with which cranial nerve?
CN III (oculomotor), for the preganglionic fibers to the ciliary ganglion
100
The adrenergic receptors for norepinephrine and epinephrine are…
alpha & beta

NEUROLOGY (9 decks)

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