Quiz 2/Final: General Flashcards

1
Q

Sharply versus Broadly tuned resonators

A
  • Sharp Tuning:
    • system responds to a small range of frequencies
    • vibration persists for a long time (low damping)
    • examples: tuning fork, crystal glass
  • Broad Tuning:
    • system responds to a larger range of frequencies
    • vibration dies out quickly (heavy damping)
    • examples: sound in air, phone earpiece
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2
Q

What are the two types of sound source?

A
  • A: phonatory/subglottal source: vibration of vocal folds at the glottis, periodic (AKA vowels)
    • B: supraglottal source: air passes through larynx to upper vocal tract (mouth) where airstream is modified, aperiodic (aka unvoiced consonants)
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3
Q

How do source and filter relate?

A

-whether the source is subglottal (glottis) or supraglottal (mouth), the sound is filtered by the resonant frequencies of the vocal tract

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4
Q

Source and filter: specifics in voiced speech

A
  • At any given time in the production of a vowel, the spectrum of the sound radiated from the lips can be found from the product of
    • the excitation (source) spectrum generated by the larynx
    • the frequency response (filter) of the vocal tract configuration
  • In voiced speech:
    • fundamental frequency (perceived as vocal pitch) is a characteristic of the glottal source
  • features such as vowel formants are characteristic of the vocal tract filter (resonances)
  • Any change of vocal tract configuration alters the frequencies at which the cavities resonate
  • Size and length of the vocal tract also alters the frequencies at which the cavities resonate
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5
Q

Source and filter: Independence of source and filter, clinical populations

A
  • you hold the source constant while changing the filter to:
    • maintain constant pitch (f0)
    • vary vowel (eg change from [i] to [u])
  • you hold the filter constant while changing the source to:
    • articulate a single vowel (eg [i] in isolation)
    • vary f0 (eg from low to high pitch)
  • How does this relate to clinical populations:
    • a client’s speech disorder can often be isolated to the source or the filter

-Any vowel sound produced is a product of vocal fold vibration (the source) and the resonances of a particular vocal tract shape and length (the filter)

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6
Q

Acoustic Resonators Relative to Speech and Hearing:

A
  • Vocal Tract:
    • both air filled and closed at one end
    • the closed end of the vocal tract is the vocal folds for voiced sounds
  • Ear Canal:
    • the closed end is the eardrum
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7
Q

Resonating Cavities of the Vocal Tract

A
  • all of the air cavities above the larynx from the glottis to the lips
    • Large resonating cavities: pharyngeal, oral, and nasal cavities
    • Small resonating cavities: air spaces between the lips, between cheeks and teeth, and within the larynx and trachea
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8
Q

What factors are involved in the resonation of air filled tubes? (4 things)

A
  • Air filled tubes resonate at specific frequencies depending on:
    • 1: whether it is open at one or both ends
    • 2: its length
    • 3: its shape
    • 4: the size of its openings
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9
Q

How do large and small resonating cavities differ?

A
  • the larger the resonating cavity (vocal tract), the LOWER the frequencies to which it will respond
    • the smaller the resonating cavity (vocal tract), the HIGHER the frequencies to which it will respond
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10
Q

How do you solve for R1 of a male vocal tract?

A
  • The lowest natural frequency at which a tube resonates has a wavelength (λ) four times the length of the tube
    • Given: average vocal tract length (L) of 17cm;
    • λ = 4(L)
    • solve for λ: λ = 4(17cm) = 68cm
    • λ = 68cm
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11
Q

What is the relationship between pressure and velocity in the vocal tract/resonating tube?

A

Air pressure and air particle velocity in resonating tube are inversely related:

  • Closed end (glottis)
    • air pressure is at a maximum
    • air particle velocity must approach zero
  • Open end (lips)
    • air pressure is at a minimum
    • air particle velocity must be at maximum
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12
Q

What are the major differences between vowel and consonant production? (source, filter)

A
  • Constrictions used to produce sounds are usually more extreme than those for vowels
    • various configurations of the vocal tract generate different combos of resonant frequencies (formants) for each sound
  • Differences in the ways the sources of sound are used in the production of consonants
    • vowels usually produced only w/ periodic sound source, consonants may use aperiodic or combo
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13
Q

What is a formant?

A
  • a peak of resonance in the vocal tract
  • the vocal tract acts as a resonator with frequencies which can be modulated by the articulators, forming the vocal formants which make vowel sounds recognizable
  • formants are synonymous with resonant frequencies: R1=F1
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14
Q

Why do absolute formant values differ across speakers?

A
  • speakers differ in overall tract-length
  • parts of the vocal tract may vary in size: the pharynx is proportionally smaller in women
  • speakers of the same language vary in dialect and idiolect (dialect unique to individual)
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15
Q

When is pressure at maximum and minimum?

A
  • Air pressure is at maximum at the closed end (glottis)
    • Air pressure is at minimum at the open end (lips)
    • THIS IS INVERSE TO VELOCITY
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16
Q

When is velocity at maximum and minimum?

A
  • Velocity is at maximum at the open end (lips)
    • Velocity approaches zero at the closed end (glottis)
    • THIS IS INVERSE TO PRESSURE
17
Q

Suprasegmentals: Types

A

Suprasegmental (prosodic) features span units larger than a phoneme:

  • Stress: applied to the syllable
  • Intonation: applies to phrases and sentences
  • duration: varies over many units in speech
  • juncture: the way adjacent sounds are joined to or separated from one another
18
Q

Suprasegmentals: Stress types (3)

A

-Lexical stress: stress patterns in words:
•For example, unicorn, immediate
•Varies between nouns and verbs in English
•For example, digest (noun) versus digest (verb)
-Sentential stress: emphasizes words in sentences:
•For example, “Is that your red book?” (not the green one)
-Contrastive stress may put emphasis on a normally weak syllable to clarify a contrast:
•Receive, not deceive

19
Q

Characteristics of Stressed Syllables

A

Stressed syllables have:
-higher F0, increased vocal fold tension, higher subglottal pressure
-longer duration because the articulators move to more extreme positions
-greater intensity: higher subglottal pressure
Stress is relative: how a syllable relates to nearby syllables in the utterance depends on context

20
Q

Lexical Stress: what is it, examples

A
  • lexical stress is stress patterns in words
    • UUUnicorn, iMEDiate
  • it varies between nouns and verbs in English
    • DIgest (noun) vs. diGEST (verb)
21
Q

Vocal Tract: Pharynx

A
  • Formed by a tube of constrictor muscles
  • Posterior portion of vocal tract
  • contracting these muscles narrows the pharynx, relaxation of the muscles widens it
    • superior constrictors: at level of pharynx
    • middle constrictors: at level of oropharynx
    • inferior constrictors: at level of laryngopharynx
22
Q

Vocal Tract: Oral Cavity

A
  • formed by space btwn teeth, upper and lower jaws (maxilla, mandible), and tongue
  • major oral landmarks for speech:
    • teeth (esp incisors): production of dental sounds like “th”
    • alveolar ridge: anterior region of hard palate: production of alveolars like /n, d, t, s/
    • velum (soft palate): for velar sounds /k, g, ng/
23
Q

Vocal tract: Velum

A
  • Contracting levator palatini raises velum
    • closes VP port
    • separates nasal and pharyngeal cavities
    • used for oral speech sounds
  • Relaxation of the levator palatini causes velum to drop:
    • opens VP port
    • air flows freely into nasal cavity (breathing)
    • velum MUST be lowered for nasal sounds
24
Q

Vocal Tract: Tongue; extrinsic muscles (4 of them)

A
  • 4 muscles connect tongue with external structures
  • Styloglossus: up and back as in /u/ “sue”
  • Hyoglossus: down and back as in “ah” (dr garcia kinda confused this on his slides)
  • Genioglossus: up and forward, as for /i/
  • Palatoglossus: up
25
Vocal Tract: Tongue; Intrinsic muscles (4 of them)
- 4 muscles run within the body of the tongue - all contained within the tingue body - provide fine shaping of tongue surface and tip - Superior Longitudinal: raises tip as for /l/ - Inferior longitudinal: lowers tip as for /i/ - vertical muscle: runs superior-inferior, flattens tongue body - transverse: runs left to right, narrows tongue body
26
Vocal Tract: Lips: muscles
- orbicularis oris encircles lips, used in bilabial closures /b p m/ and lip rounding /u/ - risorius draws lips back and up as in lip spreading for /i/
27
Intonation
- reflects changes in F0 in an utterance - provides information on speaker affect: more F0 changes indicate heightened emotion - can differentiate questions vs statements: - declarative and wh-questions: rising-falling intonation pattern - rising final intonation indicates yes/no - final pitch rise indicates incompleteness
28
Control of intonation:
- increasing F0 results from higher vocal-fold tension - decreasing F0 results from laryngeal and respiratory factors: - relaxing CT muscle - decreasing subglottal pressure - the typical pattern is for F0 to fall at the end of a phrase/breath group
29
Assimilation: the basics, partial vs. complete
- Assimilation is when a sound becomes like its neighbor: one articulator is involved and it’s like a shortcut for the articulator - Partial assimilation: no change in phonemic categorization, just an allophonic change - Complete assimilation: phonemic class changes i.e. the /n/ becomes /ng/ in “Bank” - Assimilation can be seen in acoustics, speech movements, muscle activity
30
Assimilation: Anticipatory vs. Carry-Over
Anticipatory (right to left, look ahead) assimilation: -sound is influenced by the following sound, i.e. dentalization of /t/ in “eaT THe cake” Carry-Over (left-to-right) coarticulation: one sound influenced by a previous sound -i.e. “cats” and “dogs” have /s/ and /z/ phonemes
31
Assimilation of Place vs. Assim. of Manner vs. Assim. of Voicing
Assimilation of Place: /n/ turns into /ng/ in “ten cards” Assimilation of Manner: “dyoo” turns into “dju” in “educate” Assimilation of Voicing: plural /s/ being /s/ vs /z/ in “cats” and “dogs”
32
Speech in Context: Assimilation and Coarticulation
- Assimilation + Coarticulation are pervasive in speech - in running speech, phonemes are not isolated segments - IPA transcription represents speech as a series of “beads on a string” - ordered sequentially in time - independent of each other - normal speech involves continuous movement- no ‘beads” - phonemes are not clearly represented in the speech signal: they are mental abstractions