Midterm part 2 Flashcards
What effect does the diaphragm have on the thoracic cavity?
- diaphragm is the floor of the lungs, ballooned up against them at rest. When you contract it, it flattens, increasing volume downward, thus decreasing pressure and causing air to flow in
- pulmonary or visceral pleura surround lung and cause it to stick to diaphragm because the pleura are all wet and slippery
Action Potential:
When does it occur?
What chemically happens in the neuron when it occurs?
(detailed understanding)
- an action potential occurs when a neuron sends information down an axon, away from the cell body
- neurons at rest have a negative internal charge
- during firing, potassium (K+) exits the neuron, sodium (Na+) floods into the neuron, cell interior briefly gains positive charge, then it’s back to negative
The “All of Nothing” Principal of Neuron Firing
- firing is “all or nothing”: stimulus over a specific threshold always generates the same response strength
- for an impulse to be conducted along an axon, the first part of the axon beyond the cell body must be stimulated to its threshold
- stronger signals = more frequent firing (increased frequency, same amplitude)
Muscles Involved in Raising/Expanding Rib Cage
the process of inhalation in quiet breathing
- Inhalation in quiet breathing: the process
- the medulla oblangata sends responses to the respiratory muscles
- the diaphragm contracts, expanding thoracic cavity downwards
- external intercostals, interchondral portions of internal intercostals, contract: the thoracic cavity expands up + out
- lung volume increases because of pleural linkage
- pressure decreases
- air flows in through nose and mouth
Line Spectrums: 3 things to know
- they show a single point in time
- they show amplitude of each harmonic
- they are obtained by Fourier analysis
Which axes are frequency and amplitude represented on?
Frequency: X axis
Amplitude: Y axis
Broca’s Area: Where and What
- located on 3rd convolution of the left frontal lobe
- region of the brain that contains motor neurons involved in the control of speech and speech production
External Intercostal (Muscles)
- Superficial
- Connect osseous portions of ribs
- Run downward toward sternum
- Raise and expand rib cage: inhalation
Internal Intercostals (Muscles)
- Deep to external intercostals
- Run downward away from sternum
- Connect both osseous and cartilaginous portions of ribs:
- Interosseous portions: lower and compress rib cage: exhalation
- Interchondral portions: raise and expand rib cage: inhalation
Accessory Muscles that May Assist in Expanding Ribcage
-Sternocleidomastoid, scalenus, subclavius, pectoralis major, pectoralis
minor, serratus anterior muscles, levatores costarum, serratus posterior
superior, and latissimus dorsi
Respiratory Muscle Activation During Speech
•During breathing, both inspiratory and expiratory muscles are active most of the time
•The balance between inspiratory and expiratory muscle action changes
continuously
•The respiratory system maintains fairly constant pressure during
speech
•Small variations in pressure occur to change intensity (e.g., for stressed syllables)
Spoonerisms: The rules and what they teach us about language
-Errors follow rules:
•Consonants only exchange with consonants.
•Vowels only exchange with vowels.
•First sounds & syllables are most prone to reversals.
•Errors follow rules for phonology
•Intonation remains the same
-Provide evidence that speech is not programmed one word, syllable, or
sound at a time: planning occurs before speaking
Respiratory Volumes:
Total Lung Volume
Total Volume is Residual Volume + Vital Capacity
all the air in the lungs
How does subglottal pressure relate to intensity?
- Increasing subglottal pressure leads to increasing intensity
- a small increase in subglottal pressure leads to a large increase in intensity
- Higher subglottal pressure may lead to other features of syllabic stress:
- Higher pitch: increased intensity leading to higher perceived pitch
- Increased duration
What is a resonator?
Something set into vibration by the action of another vibration
