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SLP330 Speech+Hearing Sci > Midterm part 1/2 > Flashcards

Midterm part 1/2 Flashcards

1
Q

Neurons: definition, parts, basic function

A

-the neuron, or nerve cell, is the basic unit of the nervous system
-a nerve is a collection of neurons that serves a particular part of the body
Properties:
-3 main parts: a cell body plus projections–dendrites + axons
-axons carry information away from the cell body (efferent)
-dendrites receive info from other nerve cells, transmit them to the cell body

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2
Q

CNS: The Sensory Strip: location

A

-located in parietal lobe

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3
Q

CNS: The Motor Strip: location

A

-located in frontal lobe

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4
Q

CNS: Motor and Sensory Strips: basics

A
  • representation is upside down in motor and sensory strip: head at bottom, lower limbs at top
  • large amounts of the cortex are devoted to the hands and oral (speech) mechanism, because they are essential to receiving environmental information and acting on it
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5
Q

Role of PNS in Speech Production

motor units in here too

A
  • muscles innervated by cranial nerves lie in the head and neck
  • respiratory system is innervated by spinal nerves
  • efferent impulses innervate w/ muscles in motor units
  • motor unit: single motor neuron and the muscle fibers it serves
  • related to efferent neurons (nerves that take info from CNS to body)
  • action potential at motor unit stimulates muscle fibers
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6
Q

Phonation: what is it?

A
  • when air pressure forces the vocal folds to vibrate
  • phonation is used in the production of vowels
  • results in a periodic sound wave
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7
Q 
Respiratory Volumes:
Tidal Volume (TV)
A

amount of air exchanged (in and out) during a cycle of quiet breathing

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8
Q 
Respiratory Volumes: 
Vital Capacity (VC)
A

amount of air exchanged in maximum inspiration and expiration cycle
-respiratory volumes are often expressed as a percentage of VC

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9
Q 
Respiratory Volumes: 
Residual Volume (RV)
A

air that cannot be expelled from lungs

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10
Q

Respiratory Volumes:

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

A

volume that can be inspired beyond a restful inspiration

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11
Q

Respiratory Volumes:

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

A

volume that can be expired beyond a restful expiration

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12
Q

Boyle’s Law:

  • what is it?
  • how does it work with inspiration and expiration?
A

-relationship between volume and pressure

  • inspiration: increase in thoracic volume causes a decrease in thoracic pressure
    • the result is air rushes in
  • expiration: decrease in thoracic volume causes an increase in thoracic pressure
    - the result is air rushes out
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13
Q

How Do Speech Breathing and Quiet Breathing Differ?

A
  • Exhalation is slower in speech breathing, takes up more of the cycle
    • -speech breathing: 10% spent inhaling, 90% out
    • -quiet breathing: 40% in, 60% out
  • Control is more voluntary and conscious in speech breathing, where quiet breathing is reflexive
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14
Q

The 3 Passive Forces of Exhalation/Expiration

A
  • elastic recoil of the lungs and rib cage
  • the force of the untwisting of the cartilages next to the sternum (detorque)
  • gravity

(think about how these interact w/ boyle’s law)

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15
Q

Clinical Populations and Respiratory Control

A
  • Voice Disorders: improper laryngeal valving may waste exhaled air
  • Severe Hearing Impairment: poor laryngeal control due to abnormalities of the vocal folds may waste air
  • Motor Speech Disorders: may affect respiratory muscle coordination
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16
Q

Types of Speech-Sound Production: Periodic and Aperiodic Sound Waves

A
  • phonation creates nearly periodic sound by rapid opening and closing of vocal chords
  • consonant production - aperiodicity created when the articulators obstruct the air flow
17
Q

Vocal Folds:

What they’re made of, where they are, properties and pitch

A
  • elastic bands of tendon, muscles, and mucous membrane
    • lie behind thyroid cartilage
    • tension and elasticity vary: can be made thicker or thinner, longer or shorter
    • human larynx allows for these adjustments
    • person’s voice pitch is determined by the resonant frequency of the vocal folds
18
Q

Vocal Folds:

Myoelastic Aerodynamic Theory

A
  • the myoelastic aerodynamic theory states that the vocal folds are activated by the airstream from the lungs rather than by nerve impulses
    • myo- = muscles, they adduct vocal folds, establish levels of tension and elasticity
    • elasticity = allows vocal folds to stretch and return in each cycle
    • aerodynamic = subglottal pressure from the lungs drives vibration
      • air pressure from the lungs drives the VFs apart and opens the glottis during each vibration
19
Q

Vocal Folds:

Cover-Body Model

A

-explains how the structure of the VFs accounts for the wide range of frequencies, amplitudes and vocal qualities that can be produced by phonating

20
Q

Larynx:

Functions (5)

A
  • controls airflow in + out of lungs: provides O2, eliminates CO2
  • prevents food, water, and other substances from being aspirated into the lungs
  • increases intrathoracic pressure during vomiting, coughing, lifting, etc
  • aids in swallowing
  • provides sound source for speech
21
Q

Larynx:
Structure
(parts of the larynx, where they are relative to each other)

A
  • larynx lies below hyoid bone at top of trachea
    • hyoid bone: between larynx and jaw
    • thyroid cartilage: encloses the larynx anteriorly, lies anterior to the arytenoid cartilages
    • cricoid cartilage: top ring of trachea, supports arytenoids
    • arytenoid cartilages: paired pyramidal structures, vocal processes (small projection at base of each arytenoid cartilage) run forward to attach to vocal folds
22
Q

Posterior Cricoarytenoid Muscles (PCA)

A
  • posterior cricoarytenoid muscles (PCA)
    • attachments: arytenoid cartilages, dorsal plates of cricoid cartilages
    • rotate arytenoids and separate vocal folds
    • purpose: abduct the folds so air can pass from the lungs to the oral cavity
    • PCA is the only vocal fold abductor
23
Q

Interarytenoid Muscles

A
  • interarytenoid muscles (IA)
    • transverse IA runs horizontally between arytenoids
    • Oblique IA connects arytenoids in X-shape
    • Draws arytenoids together posteriorly and adducts vocal folds
    • Purpose: To adduct the VFs for vibration – phonation
    • IA is the primary VF adductor
24
Q

Lateral Cricoarytenoid muscles (LCA)

A
  • attachments: muscular process of arytenoid cartilages, lateral margins of cricoid cartilage
  • draw arytenoids forward and down
  • assist in ADDUCTION
  • IA and LCA muscles work together for strong adduction of vocal folds– i.e. vowel production

SLP330 Speech+Hearing Sci (10 decks)

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