Quiz 2 Concepts Flashcards
metoprolol
beta blocker for hypertension
-decreases bronchodilation, cardiac contractility, blood sugar
-selective for receptors that decrease HR and BP
-less likely to cause bronchospasm so asthmatic pts. can take it
albuterol
-bronchodilator
-alpha and beta adrenergic agonists
-treats asthma
What can occur in high doses or overuse of albuterol?
the beta 2 agents being overused can beta 1 receptors and increase heart rate
What does continuous use of nasal sprays with adrenergic agonists cause?
rebound nasal congestion
-do not use more than 3 days
-spray while upright
-do not use with OTC meds
direct acting cholinergic agonists
selective for muscuranic (parasympathetic) receptors
-nonspecific bc muscarinic receptors are located in different sites stimulating various organs
bethanechol
cholinergic agonists
direct acting
increase GI tract tone and peristalsis
adverse effects include headache, bradycardia, bronchoconstriction, abdominal cramps
atropine
anticholinergic agonists
used preoperatively to decrease saliva and increase HR
side effects include urinary retention, dehydration, palpitations, constipation
What are some drugs that treat Alzheimers?
rivastigmine
memantine
galantamine
donepezil
What test is helpful in diagnosing ADHD?
EEG
What should be avoided when taking adderall for ADHD?
caffeine and pseudoephedrine
methlyphenidate
Ritalin
treat ADHD and narcolepsy
can affect food absorption
can cause growth suppression so height and weight should be monitored
can increase BP
check with provider before giving OTC meds w/ methylphenidate
What stage of sleep does vivid dreams occur?
REM
How should you promote sleep in pts?
establish a routine of waking and sleeping at the same time
Who should you use a bed alarm for?
older patients and younger pts receiving a hypnotic for the first time
What can be used to relieve frequent nighttime awakening?
Tylenol PM bc it contains acetaminophen and diphenhydramine
When should you adjust anesthetics?
if the pt drinks, is pregnant, or is obese
anticonvulsants
prevent seizures
taken throughout lifetime
stopping meds can lead to recurrence of seizures
inhibit vitamin K in pregnancy
epilepsy
occurs in children w/ 1 or more febrile seizures
How can you determine the cause of decreased drug effects?
ask about medication adherence
assess serum level
Parkinsons
caused by imbalance of dopamine and acetylcholine bc dopaminergic neurons are degenerating
-is progressive but not a normal part of aging
Alzheimers
can result from decreased ACh degeneration of cholinergic neurons
carbidopa-levodopa
can cause orthostatic hypertension so be careful getting out of be
dark urine and perspiration is normal
-used to treat parkinsons
rivastigmine
increases fall risk
take 2x daily on empty stomach
myasthenia gravis
causes fatigue and muscular weakness
neostigmine
must be given on time for myasthenia crisis
cyclobenzapine (Flexeril)
treats muscle spasms and can not be stopped abruptly
causes dizziness and drowsiness
muscle relaxants
can cause drug dependence and should not be withdrawn abruptly
needs to be tapered off
Why can’t aspirin be taken in the third trimester of pregnancy?
it can cause adverse effects to the fetus
indomethacin
relieves swelling, joint stiffness
irritating to stomach, take with food
can cause sodium retention and elevated BP
take 2x daily
colchicine
increase fluid intake to promote uric acid excretion and prevent renal calculi
What are some signs of inflammation?
edema, erythema, heat
What can be taken if codeine doesn’t relieve severe pain?
oxycodone
What is the daily dose of acetaminophen?
4000 mg
What should be done if the patient’s pain decreases but vital signs indicate discomfort?
contact provider for stronger analgesic
Does aspirin cause constipation?
no, so increasing fluids and fiber is not needed
What should be assessed with post op opiods?
signs of overdose
respiratory depression which is common but needs to be reported
pruritis
itchy skin
common opioid side effect that can be managed with diphenhydramine
topical antipsychotics
treat schizophrenia
can have dystonia (involuntary muscle contractions) and cause muscle spasms
tricyclic antidepressants
amitripyyline
response takes 2-4 weeks
constipation and dry mouth are common
sympathetic
adrenergic
parasympathetic
cholinergic
alpha1
vascular
alpha2
nerves, decreases BP, GI motility
beta1
increases cardiac contractility
beta2
bronchodilation, increases BP, relax uterus muscles
How long does buspirone hydrocholoride take for a therapeutic response?
1-2 weeks
ambien
treats insomnia
lasts 6-8 hours
half life is 4.5 hours
take before bed
benzodiazepines
the pams (lorazepam, clonazepam, diazepam)
depressant
need to be taper off bc it can cause withdrawal
What can cause epilepsy?
anoxia, infection, stroke
Phenytoin
treats seizures
needs a CBC and BUN
red urine is not normal
What can happen if acetaminophen is taken longterm for anorexia?
it can cause hypertension, nervousness, restlessness, irritability, insomnia
What can be given for apnea?
caffeine
What ingredients do OTC sleep aids have?
somnex and diphenhydramine
beta blockers
decrease HR, constrict airway, lower BP
anticholinergics
can treat tremors and muscular rigidity
What are some side effects of anticholinergics?
dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention
What is benzotropine contraindicated for?
glaucoma
benzotropine
helps relieve symptoms of parkinsons
What should women taking OCP and phenytoin do?
use extra contraceptives
What is a antiviral for Parkinsons?
amantadine (Symmetrel)
What effect does Robaxin have on urine?
it turns it black
What can aspirin do to bleeding?
increases bleeding and platelets
tinnitus, hearing loss, confusion
What effect does ibuprofen have on periods?
less blood
