Quiz 2 Flashcards
What is the Lifespan of Enterobius vermicularis?
One month
What are the two treatments of Enterobius vermicularis?
Mebendazole
Pyrental Pamoate
What drug is E. multilocularis resistant to?
Praziquantel
What is the longest tapeworm in man called? Give Latin and common name
Diphyllobothrium latum
Fish or broad tapeworm
What is the difference between polyzoic and monozoic?
Polyzoic worms’ bodies are a chain of independent proglottids while monodic worms only consist of one proglottid.
What are the immature forms of Eucestoda called?
Metacestodes
What is one medication that is effective for all Flukes?
Praziquantel or Albendazole
What are the life cycle stages of Plathyhelminthes in order (list 6)?
- Egg
- Miracidia
- Sporocyst
- Redia
- Cercaria
- Metacercaria
What is usually the intermediate host of a Plathyhelminthes?
A mollusk (snail)
What is the name of the parasitic nematode that lives in approximately one third of Americans and emerges from the anus at night to lay eggs in the perianal area?
Enterobius vermicularis
What is the name of the treatment for Trichuris trichiura, the whipworm?
Medendazole
Briefly explain what is meant by the term “traumatic insemination”.
Male injects sperm at any part of the body
Name one nematode infection that can be treated with Pyrentel Pamoate.
Enterobius vermicularis
What are some symptoms of heartworm in dogs?
Inflammation and thickening of the heart result in symptoms such as respiratory insufficiency, chronic cough, and vomitting
What is the medication used to treat heartworm in dogs?
Chemoprophylactic agents – Immiticide
Eating what contaminated aquatic vegetable can lead to an infection of Fasciolopsis buski, the Giant Intestinal Fluke?
Water chesnut
In the case of the Eucestoda, in which case would a human host be better off: as an intermediate host, or as a definitive host? Why?
Definitive host. Having the juveniles is much worse because they cause a lot more damage by migrating throughout the body
What is the species name of the pork tapeworm? What is the species name of the beef tapeworm? Name one way to distinguish between the two.
Taenia solium (globular scolex with 4 suckers and circular row of hooks, slightly smaller) Taenia saginata (pear shaped scolex with 4 suckers and no hooks or neck)
Name a medication used to treat Cysticercosis.
Praziquantel
Name a way in which one can become infected by Diphyllobothrium latum, the fish/broad tapeworm?
Eating raw or improperly cooked fresh water fish
What type of symmetry do nematodes have?
Bilateral
True or false: Some nematodes have flagella and/or cilia.
False
What are the three classes of Platyhelminthes we discussed in class
- Trematoda = Digena
- Monogenea
- Cestoda
What species of the class Monogenea infects freshwater Atlantic salmon?
Gyrodactylus salaris
What is the infective stage of T. solium or T. saginata?
Cysticerci
How is Trichinella spiralis transmitted? and in what species is found in?
Found in many species of carnivores and omnivores (pigs, rats, humans)
Transmitted by eating infective larva in raw or undercooked meat
What is the treatment and control of Trichuris trichiura?
Mebendazole
Improved hygiene and sanitary eating habits
Why can the infection caused by Ancylostoma adults be prolonged?
Dormant larvae can be recruited sequentially from stores over many years to replace expiring adult worms
Which life cycle that we studied has an infective stage of cercaria (give genus)?
Schistosoma
Where do the adult Paragonimus westermani habitat in the human?
Lungs
Which is the host for Opisthorchis viverini?
Dogs
Which forms are free living for Digene Larvae?
Miracidia, Cercaria
What is Schistosoma’s main habitat?
Veins of the abdominal cavity
What is the definitive host of Polystoma intergerrimum?
Frog
Which subclass of Cestodia are considered the true tapeworms?
Eucestoda
When a human becomes infected by T. solium, what disease does it cause?
Cysticercosis
The pinworm has how many hosts in its lifecycle?
One
Define 2 of monostome, amphystome, and distome.
Monostome: has only oral sucker
Amphystome: has oral sucker and acetabulum at the posterior end of the body
Distome: oral sucker and acetabulum is elsewhere on the ventral surface of the body
List 2 parasites that can be treated with praziquantel. (Latin names)
Clonorchis sinensis, Paragonimus westermani, Fasciolopsis buski, T. solium and T. saginata, Diphyllobothrium latum
How do schistosomes get into the human host?
Penetrate skin
What is the treatment for Gyrodactylus salaris?
Rotenone or dosing small volumes of aqueous Al and sulphuric acid into the river
How many suckers do the Taenia tapeworms have?
4
What does ovoviviparous mean?
The parasite would lay eggs, but the eggs hatch inside the female, and the female gives birth to live offspring.
List three biological features characteristic of Phylum Platyhelminthes’s absence of body cavity
- Gut is highly branched
- Respire by diffusion
- Flattened shape necessary
Contrast reproduction between Monogenea and Trematoda
Monogenea have direct life cycles with no asexual reproduction (unlike the Digenea)
Which class of Platyhelminthes is the most common/ abundant parasitic form found within vertebrates?
Trematoda
Why is Schistosoma sp. unusual among the trematodes?
Separate sexes, live in blood vessels of the definitive host, and no second intermediate hosts in their life cycles
What are 3 species of Schistosoma and where their eggs are found?
S. mansoni (feces)
S. japonicum (feces)
S. haematobium (urine)
Describe the 3 types of suckers found in tremadotes?
Monostome, amphystome, distome
What is the definitive host of Fasciola hepatica?
Sheep or cattle (herbivores). Can be humans too.
What is the larval stage of monegena worms that is responsible for transmission from host to host?
Oncomiracidium
What is a prohaptor?
An attachement organ used for feeding
What is the treatment for elephantiasis?
Diethlycarbamazine (kills worm or sterilizes female)
Steroids (alleviate inflammatory symptoms)
Cooler climate reduces inflammatory reaction
What worm is responsible for causing massive infantile Trichuirasis and how is it treated? (Give species name).
Trichuris trichiura
Mebendazole
Which ventricle does the dog parasite Dirofilaria immitis infect - right or left.
Right
Name one of the two parasites that are capable of producing dormant larvae in the host which can then inhabit the mammary glands and be passed to breastfeeding babies.
Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale
Give the name (genus and species) of the threadworm that has both a life cycle within the host and a free living life cycle.
Strongyloides stercoralis
For soil-born nematodes such as Necator, Ancylostoma, and Strongyloides, which developmental stage is the infective one?
Filariform larvae
Which drug used to treat Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm) is the most effective?
Pyrental Pamoate
For Plathyhelminthes that lay eggs, which larval stage is responsible for transmission from host to host?
Oncomiracidium
Where does mature Fasciola hepatica reside inside the host?
Bile duct
Where on the fish can Diplozoon paradoxum be found?
On the gills
What are the 3 body parts of the tapeworms?
Scolex, Neck, Strobila
What are two morphological features of Nematoda?
Mouth and anus, bilaterally symmetrical
Name one parasite that causes elephantiasis (Latin name).
Brugia malayi or Wuchereria bancrofti
What worm can mebendazole be used to treat (Give one Latin name)?
Echinococcus granulosus
Which worms mate by traumatic insemination (Latin name)
Enterobius vermicularis
In reference to Strongyloides stercoralis, is the parasitic or free-living worm larger?
Parasitic female
How does the Wuchereia bancrofti cause progressive lymphadenitis?
Due to an inflammatory response to the parasite lodged in the lymphatic channels and tissues
What parasite causes River Blindness?
Onchocerca volvulus
How does Onchocerca volvulus cause blindness?
Microfilariae die and their decomposing bodies produce toxins that eventually cause blindness
What is the common name of Strongyloides stercoralis? Name a disease it can cause in humans.
Threadworm
Cochin-china diarrhea
How is an infection by Dioctophyme renale treated?
Surgical removal
How do flatworms expel waste?
Through their pharyngeal opening since they have no anus
Name one reason that flat worms are flat.
Because they must respire by diffusion so no cell can be too far from the outside
What steps have been taken to help eradicate Elephantiasis?
Free antibiotics given
What is the drug of choice for dwarf tapeworms?
Nicolsamide
What is the species of the smallest tapeworm?
Echinococcus granulosus
Where are cysts from Echinococcus granulosus found?
Liver, lungs, bones and sometimes brain
What does the body cavity of roundworms contain?
Excretory system, Digestive system, and reproductive systems
Pseudocoel
What are the two species that are called threadworms?
Strongyloides stercoralis and Enterobius vermicularis
What is the Latin and common name of the fiery serpent of Israelites?
Dracunculus medinensis
Guinea worm
What is the name of the symptom characterized by swelling of any organ of tissue due to the accumulation of excess lymph fluid, without an increase of the number of cells in the affected tissue?
Edema
The thin bodies of flatworms allow respiration by which method?
Diffusion
What is the name for the individual independent reproductive units of tapeworms?
Gravid proglottids
How is the infective stage of Taenia solium transmitted to humans?
Humans infected by eating raw or undercooked meat
What is the latin name of the whipworm? How many plugs does its egg possess?
Trichuris trichiura. 2 plugs
Why can you not pull out the guinea worm from a human’s body all at once?
You need to pull it out without breaking it - if you damage the worm all the chemicals will be released and cause inflammation, etc
Dioctophyme renale is also known as___
Giant Kidney Worm
What do the larvae of Trichinella spirals look like in tissue?
Coiled in a lemon shaped capsule
Where in the body do Ascaris adult worms live?
Lumen of the small intestine
What kinds of drugs can be used to treat Ascaris lumbricoides?
Ascaricides
Mebendazole, nitazoxanide and ivermectin
How many Trematoda worms are non-parasitic?
None!
What stage of development does Trematoda worms parasitize a definitive host?
Adults
Define a hermaphrodite.
Have both female and male reproductive systems at different points at life (male usually first)
Schistosoma spp. are dioecious. What does this mean?
2 separate sexes
Where do Schistosoma sp. reside in the human body?
In the veins of the abdominal cavity
How do Schistosoma eggs exit the infected host?
In the feces or urine depending on the species
Name two reservoirs of the Chinese liver fluke.
Dogs, cats, pigs, rodents, etc
What is the phylum of Monogenea?
Platyhelminthes
Ascites
In Fasciolopis buski
Accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity
