Quiz 2 Flashcards
Consider this sentence: “I know that the winters in Wisconsin are colder than the winters in New Jersey.” This sentence is an example of
semantic memory
What is one explanation that Craik and his colleagues propose for the reason why a deep level of processing leads to greater recall?
Deep levels make the stimulus different from other memory traces in the system; it’s more distinctive.
Suppose that you look at a new term in a foreign language, and this item is then stored in your memory. Cognitive psychologists call this process
Encoding
According to the research on implicit memory and explicit memory,
psychologists sometimes discover a dissociation; for example, a variable may have a large effect on an explicit task, but a small effect on an implicit task.
Imagine that a friend has just read a magazine article that discusses flashbulb memories, and your friend argues that people retain a very clear memory of certain emotional events. What would you respond?
No, the article overstates the case; these memories can be inaccurate and can fade with time.”
Suppose that some researchers would like to see whether memory is enhanced by using vivid imagery. They locate a large number of studies and use a statistical method to combine all the information to determine whether vivid imagery is effective. The method they use would be called as
Meta-analysis
Studies of speech perception show that
when the first phoneme of a word is being spoken, the mouth prepares to pronounce the next phoneme in the word.
Right now, the words in this sentence are being registered on the retina of your eye. This representation on your retina is called
The proximal stimulus
Suppose that a close friend is telling you about a very emotional experience she has just had. You are paying such close attention to her that you fail to notice that some strangers have just entered the room. This incident is an example of
Inattentional blindness
According to the discussion of object recognition
object recognition must involve both top-down and bottom-up processes.
If you favor the general mechanism approach to speech perception, you would argue that
people process speech sounds the same way that they process other kinds of sounds.
According to the general mechanism approach, speech perception can be explained by
the same kind of learning mechanisms that humans use in acquiring other cognitive skills.
Your textbook states that phonemic restoration is a kind of illusion. This statement is true because
we think that we hear a speech sound, even if it is not present in the distal stimulus.
Which of the following students provides the most accurate general summary of the research on cognitive maps?
Francine: “When people store spatial information, they tend to represent their cognitive maps as being more regular and orderly than they really are.”
The alignment heuristic and the rotation heuristic are different from each other because
the rotation heuristic involves turning a single figure in a clockwise or counterclockwise fashion.
Suppose that you are reading a book that describes how the inside of the U.S. Supreme Court looks from a lawyer’s point of view. Based on the discussion of neuroscience research and visual imagery, what would you predict about your visual system’s reaction to this description?
Your visual cortex would show increased blood flow.
The research on mental rotation has shown that
young people are typically faster than elderly people in the speed of their mental rotation.
The neuropsychology evidence on the imagery question shows that
during mental imagery, some portions of the visual-processing regions of the cortex seem to be activated.
Suppose you draw a map of Italy, and you show the “boot” located in a north–south direction, rather than slanted at an angle. This would be an example of the
Rotation heuristic
Those who argue that we store mental imagery information in terms of propositions would claim that
Storage is most like language
Suppose that you are an advertiser, and a television station has told you that you can select the TV program in which you want your advertisement to appear. According to the research on long-term memory, you want your ad to appear in a program that is
Emotionally neutral
Expertise is helpful in remembering material because experts
are likely to reorganize the material that they must recall.
Suppose that your cousin believes that he has a vivid memory for the details surrounding the death of a famous person. This phenomenon is often called
A flashbulb memory
Which of the following statements most accurately captures the point of view called the “falsememory perspective” with respect to childhood sexual abuse?
As adults, people construct an incorrect memory about abuse, and they believe that the abuse actually did occur.
Which of the following statements about episodic memory is correct?
Episodic memory stores information about events in our lives.
Which of the following is an example of an implicit memory task?
Completing a word for which the first and last letter have been supplied
The primary visual cortex is located in the _______ lobe of the brain.
Occipital
Imagine that you are looking at a geometric drawing. At first, one shape in this drawing seems to be in front of other shapes. The next moment, this same shape seems to be located behind a second shape. This phenomenon is called:
an ambiguous figure-ground relationship
According to the research on word boundaries in speech,
listeners are typically accurate in detecting word boundaries, even when there is no actual gap.
You are now reading a sentence on an examination. The actual stimulus (the words on the piece of paper) is called
the distal stimulus.
Coarticulation is the tendency
for phoneme pronunciation to vary slightly, depending on the surrounding phonemes
What can we conclude about the two major explanations for speech perception?
Humans show categorical perception for nonspeech sounds, which argues against a phonetic module approach.
Which of the following students provides the best, most complete definition of the term “perception”?
Sarah: “Perception uses our previous knowledge to collect and interpret sensory stimuli.”
Your textbook discusses research showing that people have better acuity for mental images that are visualized in the center of the retina, rather than in the periphery of the retina. The reason that this research is significant is that
the research is similar to the results obtained when people perceive actual visual stimuli.
Researchers have conducted studies on a variety of vision-like processes that are unfamiliar to the general public. This research demonstrates that a mental image has roughly the same effect that an actual visual stimulus has, for example, in producing the masking effect. On the basis of this research, we can conclude that
demand characteristics probably cannot explain the results.
If you were to draw a map of the town or city in which your college is located
you would tend to make the streets intersect at 90° angles.
Suppose you draw a map of a familiar street in your neighborhood. You draw all the houses an equal distance from the street, even though some houses are clearly closer to the street than others. Your error is an example of
the alignment heuristic
The research on cognitive maps suggests that
people create cognitive maps from several successive views, if the area is very large.
Freyd proposed that the concept of betrayal trauma can explain why people may forget about their own experience with sexual abuse during childhood. Which of the following statements would be most consistent with this perspective?
When a child is sexually abused by a trusted adult, the child may not be able to recall the abuse at a later time.”
Which of the following is the most accurate summary statement about the research on autobiographical memory?
Most memory errors concern relatively trivial information, rather than central, important information.
Consider this sentence: “I know that winters in Wisconsin are colder than winters in South Carolina.” The knowledge expressed in this sentence is probably coded
semantically, by its meaning.
Hruska and colleagues had expert and novice doctors read clinical cases and reason about the appropriate treatment while undergoing fMRI neuroimaging. Their results suggested that
expert doctors possessed more sophisticated long-term memory knowledge that reduced the burden on their working memory systems.
Eyewitness testimony is most likely accurate accurate when
the witnesses do not experience social pressure.
Chapter 5 discusses several variables that can influence the accuracy of eyewitness testimony. According to this discussion, eyewitness testimony is most likely to beaccurate when
there is no social pressure for the witness to supply information.
Suppose that you are looking at a simple geometric design. If you were to perceive it holistically you would
recognize it in terms of its overall structure and shape.
There is a great deal of controversy in neuroscience over
the idea that the processing of faces is localized to a specific brain region.
According to the gestalt psychology approach to visual perception
we tend to see well-organized patterns, rather than random-looking stimuli.
The term “phoneme” refers to
the basic unit of spoken language.
According to the discussion of phoneme perception,
this task is challenging because of the variability in speakers’ pronunciation of phonemes.
You are now reading a sentence on an examination. The actual stimulus (the words on the piece of paper) is called
The distal stimulus
According to the discussion of the history of research on mental imagery
the popularity of mental imagery increased as cognitive psychology became more influential.
Which of the following provides the best example of auditory imagery?
Creating a mental image of the chorus of your favorite song
How does mental imagery compare with perception?
Mental imagery relies exclusively on top-down processing.
If your mental image of your aunt’s face is stored in an analog code,
the representation would resemble the specific features and facial arrangement found on your aunt’s face.
Which of the following students’ statements best describes the spatial framework model proposed by Franklin and Tversky?
Nadia: “The vertical dimension seems to have special significance when we try to create representations of our environment.”
