Chapter 7 Mental Imagery

Question 1

What is mental imagery (aka imagery)

Answer 1

Refers to the mental representation of stimuli when those stimuli are not physically present in the environment

Question 2

What is visual imagery

Answer 2

The mental representation of visual stimuli

Question 3

What is auditory imagery

Answer 3

The mental representation of auditory stimuli

Question 4

How to study mental imagery

Answer 4

No observable and fades quickly
Make judgements of a mental images corresponding with a physical object

Question 5

Shepard and Metzler’s research

Answer 5

Same/different task using pairs of line drawing
Reaction time to decide
Decision time is influenced by the amount of rotation required to match the figures

Question 6

Role of instructions

Answer 6

Standard instructions -right frontal lobe and perineal a lobe
Rotate self- temporal lobe adn motor cortex

Question 7

What is analog code

Answer 7

Representation that closely resembles the physical object

Question 8

What is propositional code

Answer 8

An abstract language-like representation; storage is neither visual nor spatial, and it does not physically resemble the original stimulus

Question 9

What is analog perspective

Answer 9

Create a mental image of an object that resemble the actual, perceptual image on your retina
Similar to responses to physical objects

Question 10

What is propositional perspective

Answer 10

Mental images stored in an abstract, language-like from that does not physically resemble the original stimulus

Question 11

Visual imagery and ambiguous figures summary

Answer 11

People create mental images using both propositional and analog codes

Question 12

What are demand characteristics

Answer 12

All the cues that might convey the experimenter’s hypothesis to the participant
Experimenter expectancy

Question 13

What is pitch

Answer 13

A characteristic of a sound stimulus that can be arranged on a scale from low to high

Question 14

What is auditory imagery

Answer 14

The mental representation of sounds when the sounds are not physically present
Ex- laughter, song, car sounds, animals
Auditory processes

Question 15

What is timbre

Answer 15

A characteristic of sound describing the quality of a tone (flute vs. trumpet)

Question 16

What is a cognitive map

Answer 16

Mental representation of geographic information, including the enviroment that surrounds us
Relationships among objects

Question 17

Characteristics of cognitive maps

Answer 17

Homes, neighborhoods cities, countries used for areas too large to be seen in a single glance
Real-world settings
Ecological validity

Question 18

Spatial cognition of cognitive maps

Answer 18

Remembering the world we navigate keeping track of objects in a spatial array
Idk

Question 19

What is survey knowledge

Answer 19

The relantionships among locations that we acquire by directly learning a map or by repeatedly exploring an enviroment

Question 20

What is heuristic

Answer 20

General problem-solving strategy that usually produces a correct solution… but not always

Question 21

Are cognitive maps accurate?

Answer 21

Generally yes
Errors can be traced to rational strategies that are based on systematic distortions of reality

Question 22

What distorts estimating the distance between two known points

Answer 22

Number of intervening locations
Category membership
Landmarks

Question 23

What is the landmark effect

Answer 23

General tendency to provide shorter distance estimates when traveling to a landmark, rather than a non-landmark

Question 24

Cognitive maps and Shape

Answer 24

Construct cognitive maps in shapes that are more regular than they are in reality
More like 90 degree angles

Question 25

Rotation heuristic

Answer 25

We remember a slightly tilted geographical structure as being either more vertical or more horizontal then it really is

Question 26

Alignment heuristic

Answer 26

We remember a series of geographic structures as being arranged in a straighter line then they really are

Question 27

Both heuristics

Answer 27

the construction of cognitive maps that are more orderly and schematic than geographic reality.
Heuristics make sense, but can cause us to miss important details and fail to pay attention to bottom-up information

Question 28

What is border bias

Answer 28

People estimate that the distance between two specific locations is larger if they are on different sides of a geographic border, compared to two locations on the same side of that border

Question 29

What is the spatial framework model

Answer 29

Emphasizes that the above-below spatial dimension is especially important in our thinking, the front-back dimension is moderately important, and the right-left dimension is the least important

Question 30

Conclusion about situated cognition approach

Answer 30

People make use of helpful information in the immediate environment or situation.
Knowledge depends on the surrounding context.
What we know depends on the situation that we are in.
Central Importance of Spatial Thinking language
use spatial diagrams to represent relationships