Chapter 2 Visual Shit Flashcards
What is perception
Uses previous knowledge to gather and interpret the stimuli registered by the senses
Object and pattern recognition
What is distal stimulus
The actual abject that is “out there: in the enviroment
What is the proximal stimulus
The information registered on your sensory receptors
What is sensory memory
A large capacity storage system that records information from each of the senses with reasonable accuracy
What is iconic/visual-sensory memory
Preserves an image of a visual stimulus for a brief period after the stimulus has disappeared
What is retina
Covers the inside back portion of your eye; contains millions of neurons that register and Stan’s it visual information from the outside world
What is the primary visual cortex
Located in the occipital lobe of the brain; it is the portion of your cerebral cortex that is concerned with basic processing of visual stimuli
What is gestalt psychology
Humans have a basic tendency to organize what they see
What is an ambiguous figure-ground relatntionship
When its hard to tell what’s the figure and whats the ground
What is gestalt psychology
Human has the tendency to organize what they see, we see patterns rather then arrangements
What are the figure and ground
Figure-shape with defined edges
Ground-everything else
What are illusory/subjective contours
An illusion where we see edges even through they are not physically present in the stimulus
What are templates
The specific pattern that you have stored in memory that you compare stimuli to
What is the future-analysis theory
To identify a stimuli we look at a small number of characteristics or components
What is a distinctive feature of
Each feature that we pull out to identify a stimuli
What is a geon
Simple 3d shape
What did Irving biederman did
Combined geons to form meaningful objects
Used in FMRI research
What is viewer-centered approach
We store multiple views of objects, rather than a single view
Bottom-up vs top-down processing
Bottom- emphasizes stimulus characteristics (looking at someone and it builds into something in our mind)
Top- emphasizes concepts, expectations, memory (what are we expecting to see)
What is word superiority effect
We can identify a single letter more accurately and more rapidly when it appears in a meaningful word than when it appears Aline or in a sting of unrelated letters.
What is change blindness
When we fail to detect a change in an object or a scene
What is inattentional blindness
When we fail to notice when unexpected but completely visible abject suddenly appears
Ecological validity
What is gestalt
The overall quality that transcends its individual elements
What is prosopagnosia
A condition where people can’t recognize human faces, despite perceiving other objects relatively normally
What is phoneme
The basic units of spoken sounds such as the sounds a, k, and th
What are the four characteristics of speech perception
You know the ends of words even when they are not separated by silence.
Phoneme pronunciation varies tremendously
Content allows listeners to fill in some missing sounds
Visual cures from the speakers mouth help interpret
What are word boundaries
The actual acoustical stimulus of spoken languages doesn’t show clear-cut pauses to make the boundaries between words
What is inter-speaker variability
The term used to refer to the observation that different spearmen’s of the same language produce the same sound differently
What is coaticulation
When you are pronouncing a particular phoneme, your mouth remains in somewhat the same shape it was when you pronounced the previous phoneme; in addition, your mouth is preparing to pronounce the next phoneme
What is phonemic restoration
You can fill in a missing phoneme, using contextual meaning as a cue
Approach/speech-is-special approach
Human are born with a specialized device that allows us to decode speech stimuli
General mechanism approaches
Human use the same neural mechanisms to process both speech sounds and no speech sounds
ERPS
The McGurk effect
The auditory component of one sound is parked with the visual component of another sound, leading to the perception of a third sound
Compromise between discrepancy sources of information
