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Cognitive Psychology > Chapter 5 long term memory > Flashcards

Chapter 5 long term memory Flashcards

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1
Q

what is working memory

A

the brief, immediate memory for material we are currently processing

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2
Q

What is long term memory

A

the high-capacity storage system that contains your memories for experiences and information that you have accumulated throughout your life

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3
Q

what is episodic memory

A

your memories for events that happened to you personally; it allows you to travel backwards in subjective time to reminisce about earlier episodes in your life

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4
Q

what is semantic memory

A

your organized knowledge about the world, including your knowledge about words and other factual information

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5
Q

what is procedural memory

A

your knowledge about how to do something

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6
Q

what is encoding

A

when you process information and represent it in your memory

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7
Q

what is retrieval

A

you locate information in storage, and you access that information

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8
Q

levels-of-processing approach/depth-of-processing approach

A

Craik and Lockhart 1972
deep, meaningful processing of information leads to more accurate recall than shallow processing

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9
Q

what is distinctiveness

A

stimulus that is different from previous memory traces

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10
Q

what is elaboration

A

deep processing that involves the connection of meaning and interrelated concepts

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11
Q

what is the self-reference effect

A

you remember more information if you try to relate it to yourself

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12
Q

factors responsible for the self-reference effect

A

the sled provides a set of cues
encourage considering personal traits connections
elaboration
material associated with the self is rehearsed

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13
Q

what is the encoding-specificity principle

A

Recall is better if the context during retrieval is similar to the context during encoding
Learning something in a classroom will be easer to recall the info in that classroom

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14
Q

Types of tasks on encoding specificity

A

recall task vs. recognition task
real-life vs. laboratory
short delay vs. long delay

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15
Q

Levels of processing and encoding specificity

A

Encoding can override level of processing
Bransford and colleagues (1979)
Rhyming tasks
Semantic processing is effective when retrieval is deeper

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16
Q

What is retrieval

A

The process that allows you to locate information that is stored in long-term memory and to have access to that information

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17
Q

Explicit memory tasks

A

Recall and recognition
knowing what is happening

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18
Q

Implicitly memory tasks

A

Assesses memory indirectly
Memory is revealed without conscious effort to remember
- word completion & repetition priming task

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19
Q

what is dissociation

A

When a variable has large effects on test A, but little or no effects on test B
Or one effect on test A and an opposite effect on test B

20
Q

Implicit memory illustrates that…

A

People often know more than they can reveal in actual recall

21
Q

Contest-specific nature of expertise

A

A strong positive correlation between knowledge about an area and memory performance in that area

22
Q

How do experts and novices differ?

A

Knowledge structure, reorganize new material for recall, vivid visual images, distinctive of each stimulus, strategic, reconstructing missing info, predicting difficulty of a task

23
Q

What is Own-Ethnicity Bias

A

More accurate in identifying members of your own ethnic group than members of another

24
Q

What is amnesia

A

A severe deficit in episodic memeory

25
Q

What is retrograde amnesia

A

Loss of memory for events that occurred prior to brain damage

26
Q

What is Anterograde amnesia

A

Loss of the ability to form memories for events that have occurred after brain damage

27
Q

What is the hippocampus

A

Structure underneath the cortex that is important in many learning and memory tasks

28
Q

What is emotion

A

Is a reaction to a specific stimulus

29
Q

What is mood

A

A more general, long-lasting experience

30
Q

what is the Pollyanna principle

A

Pleasant items are usually processed more efficiently and more accurately then less pleasant items

31
Q

How does the emotional nature of the stimuli influence long-term memory

A

More accurate recall for pleasant items
Pleasant>unpleasant>neutral

32
Q

Bushman (1998)

A

More accurate recall for neutral stimuli associated with pleasant stimuli
Anger and violence in program reduce memory accuracy

33
Q

What is the positivity effect

A

Where people tend to rate unpleasant more positivity with the passage of time

34
Q

Walker and Colleagues 1997

A

Over time, unpleasant memories fade more than pleasant memories

35
Q

What is autobiographical memory

A

Memory for events and issues related to yourself

36
Q

What is schema

A

Your mental model of general knowledge or expectations based on past experiences

37
Q

What’s consistency bias

A

Tendency to exaggerate the consistency between our past feeling and beliefs

38
Q

What is source monitoring

A

Trying to identify the origin of a particular memory

39
Q

What is reality monitoring

A

Trying to identify whether an event really occurred or was imagined

40
Q

What is a flashbulb memory

A

Memory for the circumstance in which you first learned about a very surprising and emotionally arousing event

41
Q

Flashbulb Memories 9/11

A

Talarico and Rubin 2003
Recall testing after 1, 6, or 32 weeks
Consistent vs inconsistent details
Confidence

42
Q

What is proactive interference

A

Trouble recalling new material because previously learned material interferes with new memories

43
Q

What is retroactive interference

A

Trouble recalling old material because some recently learned material keeps interfering with old

44
Q

The post-event misinformation effect

A

View an event with misleading information
Later on mistakenly recall the misleading information rather then what they saw

45
Q

What is constructivist approach

A

Emphasizes that we construct knowledge by integrating new information with what me know

46
Q

Recovered memory perspective

A

Memory for traumatic events may be forgotten for years then come folding back into consciousness

47
Q

False memory prespective

A

Most recovered memories are actually incorrect memories, constructed stores about events that never occurred

Cognitive Psychology (12 decks)

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