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BIO 2270/1 > Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Quiz 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What makes a cell gram-positive?

A

Thick peptidoglycan cell wall (~90%), and one cell membrane - not lipid rich

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2
Q

Many gram positive cells have ________ acids attached to the cell wall.

A

teichoic

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3
Q

Teichoic acids

A

polysaccharide derivatives of ribitol phosphate or glycerol phosphate linked via phosphodiester linkages: partially responsible for negative charge of the cell

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4
Q

peptidoglycan composition

A

rigid layer of 2 sugar derivatives: N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid, and some amino acids. Sugars bind to each other in chains in glycosidic linkages and cross-link with amino acids.

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5
Q

gram negative

A

~10% peptidoglycan, with two membranes sandwiching it

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6
Q

space in between the cell membranes of a gram negative bacteria is called

A

periplasm

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7
Q

lipids are (soluble/insoluble) in alcohol

A

soluble

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8
Q

how does the cell wall prevent decolorization

A

alcohol causes dehydration and the cell wall shrinks, trapping the crystal violet

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9
Q

mordant in gram staining

A

iodine forms an insoluble compound with crystal violet in both types of cell walls

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10
Q

Escherichia coli is gram ________

A

negative

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11
Q

Staphylococcus epidermidis is gram _________

A

positive

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12
Q

acid-fast staining detects the presence of

A

mycolic acid

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13
Q

which genus has mycolic acid layer

A

Mycobacterium

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14
Q

mycolic acid characteristics

A

binds to the peptidoglycan cell wall, creates a waxy/crusty layer, hydrophobic/resistant to dehydration, clump together when stained

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15
Q

acid-fast primary stain and components

A

carbolfuchsin:
phenol: penetrate the waxy layer
basic fuchsin: lipid soluble, can enter waxy layer

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16
Q

mordant for acid-fast staining

A

steam and heat

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17
Q

decolorizer for acid-fast stain

A

acid-alcohol

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18
Q

decolorizer for gram stain

A

alcohol

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19
Q

color of acid fast and non acid fast bacteria

A

acid-fast: red due to carbolfuchsin
non-acid-fast: blue due to methylene blue

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20
Q

examples of acid-fast bacteria

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium leprae, Mycobacterium smegmatis

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21
Q

Klebsiella pneumoniae characteristics

A

RG 2
Gram negative bacilli
Opportunistic pathogen
Associated with UTIs, blood infections, skin infections, etc
figure 8 shaped capsule

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22
Q

capsules:

A

polysaccharide layer referred to as the glycocalyx
heat sensitive
water soluble
made of glycoproteins, polypeptides, and polysaccharides

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23
Q

glycocalyx

A

polysaccharide containing material outside the cell

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24
Q

capsules can

A

increase virulence (protect from phagocytosis)
prevent dehydration/desiccation
attach to host cells easily

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25
Q

genera known to produce endospores

A

Bacillus and Clostridium

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26
Q

color of vegetative cell and endospore in spore stain

A

red/pink cell; green endospore

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27
Q

central, terminal, and subterminal

A

middle, end, middle-to-end

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28
Q

layers of a spore

A

exosporium, spore coat, cortex, core

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29
Q

Spore Core characteristics

A

dipicolinic acid and Ca+2 composes 10% of dry weight
dehydrated, 10-25% water
slightly acidic
high levels of SASPs protect DNA and are important in germination

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30
Q

SASPs

A

small acid-soluble proteins

31
Q

vegetative cell differences from spores:

A

low Ca+2
no dipicolinic acid
80-90% water

32
Q

endospores are resistant to

A

heat
drying
UV radiation
chemicals (dyes)

33
Q

endospore resistance is due to

A

thick spore coat
pH of the core(acidic)
dehydrated nature

34
Q

Bacillus anthracis spore effects

A

causes anthrax

35
Q

Bacillus cereus spore effects

A

food poisoning

36
Q

Clostridium tetani spore effects

A

tetanus

37
Q

Clostridium perfringens spore effects

A

gas gangrene and food poisoning

38
Q

Clostridium botulinum

A

causes botulism

39
Q

Bacillus/Clostridium are anaerobic/aerobic

A

bacillus is aerobic
clostridium is anaerobic

40
Q

stains used is endospore stain

A

malachite green for endospores
safranin as counter stain

41
Q

what rotation direction causes flagella to bundle; “run”

A

counterclockwise

42
Q

when the cell rotates clockwise,

A

it “tumbles”; turning or slowing

43
Q

flagellin

A

the protein that flagella are made of

44
Q

amphitrichous

A

flagella at both ends

45
Q

peritrichous

A

flagella around perimeter

46
Q

monotrichous

A

single flagella at one end

47
Q

lophotrichous

A

tuft of flagella at one end

48
Q

motility test medium contains TTC, which is

A

2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride
colorless and soluble when oxidized, red when reduced

49
Q

semisolid media contains what percent agar

A

0.4-0.5%

50
Q

solid media contains what percent agar

A

1.5%

51
Q

flagella average length and diameter

A

10-20um length (up to 70um), 20nm diameter

52
Q

good solidifying agents characteristics and examples

A

are not used by bacteria
do not inhibit bacterial growth
doesn’t liquefy at room temp
agar and silica gel

53
Q

macronutrients vs micronutrients

A

needed in large amounts( C, N, P, S, K, Mg, Ca, Na) vs needed in small amounts (metals)

54
Q

nutritional requirements in media

A

water, carbon, energy, nitrogen, minerals, growth factors, pH (H+)

55
Q

autotrophs

A

utilize inorganic nitrogen, can use C in CO2 to synthesize materials

56
Q

heterotrophs

A

must have organic compounds for C, can use organic or inorganic for energy, use amino acids and intermediate protein compounds for N

57
Q

phototrophs

A

can use light as energy source

58
Q

chemotrophs

A

can use chemicals for energy source

59
Q

lithotrophs

A

use inorganic substances for energy (nitrate, nitrite, sulfate)

60
Q

synthetic (defined) media

A

exact composition is known

61
Q

non-synthetic (complex) media

A

exact chem. composition unknown

62
Q

selective media

A

media that only allows certain organisms to grow

63
Q

differential media

A

changes the appearance of a species to differentiate it from others

64
Q

Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) media

A

selective and differential
methylene blue inhibits gram +
eosin causes coliforms to turn green

65
Q

minimal media

A

contains basic needs; salts, C, N

66
Q

enriched media

A

basic needs plus amino acids, minerals and vitamins

67
Q

methods of sterilization

A

autoclaving
UV irradiation
ethylene oxide gas

68
Q

steam sterilization requirements for 1L media

A

15psi and 250F/121.6C

69
Q

pure culture

A

contains only one type of organism

70
Q

four streaking types

A

quadrant, t-streak, radiant, continuous

71
Q

Escherichia coli characteristics

A

cream colored
in environment and intestinal tract
endotoxins can cause food poisoning, UTis, etc

72
Q

Micrococcus luteus characteristics

A

yellow due to carotenoid pigments
found everywhere, a common contaminant and indicates improper decontamination

73
Q

Serratia marcescens

A

produces red pigment prodigiosin at 25-30C, white/cream at higher temp
all over, biofilms
nosocomial infection(infection from hospital)

BIO 2270/1 (8 decks)

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