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BIO 2270/1 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

tetracycline

A

targets the bacterial ribosome by binding to a codon and prevents tRNA from bringing anticodons

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2
Q

makeup of DNA

A

backbone of deoxyribose-phosphate, connected to nucleic acids that bond to the opposite strand via hydrogen bonds

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3
Q

sequence that bases are read and transcribes

A

5’ to 3’

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4
Q

primase . . .

A

synthesizes RNA primers

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5
Q

helicase . . .

A

separates DNA strands

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6
Q

topoisomerase or gyrase . . .

A

solve supercoils in DNA strand

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7
Q

DNA polymerase . . .

A

synthesizes new DNA; proofread and repair DNA

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8
Q

DNA ligase . . .

A

joins the discontinuous fragments (Okazaki fragments) of the lagging strand through covalent bonds

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9
Q

accuracy of DNA synthesis in E. coli die to proofreading ability of DNA polymerase?

A

1 error in 10^9-10^11 base pairs

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10
Q

endonucleases . . .

A

cut DNA backbone to facilitate repair and insertions

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11
Q

moxifloxacin targets . . .

A

DNA gyrase in bacteria that separates the two interlocking strands of DNA after replication

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12
Q

the promoter sequence is found in ____________ and ________ bonds to it in transcription

A

prokaryotes; RNA polymerase

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13
Q

in prokaryotes, transcription stops when it reaches the ________ sequence

A

terminal

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14
Q

in eukaryotes, transcription starts with the ___________ binding to the ________

A

TATA binding protein; TATA box

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15
Q

exons vs introns in initial RNA transcript

A

exons code for proteins and introns do not

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16
Q

snRNP meaning and function

A

small nuclear ribonucleoproteins; remove introns and connect exons

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17
Q

Rifampin targets . . .

A

RNA polymerase in bacteria by binding to its subunits; commonly used to treat TB

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18
Q

degeneracy

A

1 amino acid is coded for by multiple codons

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19
Q

R factors

A

plasmids that carry antibiotic-resistance genes

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20
Q

transduction

A

accidental viral transfer of genes between bacteria when the bacteriophage intends to infect host

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21
Q

transformation

A

uptake of naked DNA from environment

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22
Q

conjugation

A

cells exchange DNA through pili

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23
Q

mutagen meaning and examples

A

factors that cause a mutation
UV light
radiation (gamma, x-ray)
chemicals, carcinogens (cancerous)

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24
Q

how does UV light affect DNA genome?

A

induces Thymidine cross-linkages in the same strand of DNA (thymine dimers)

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25
AZT (azidothymidine) is a . . .
chemical mutagen used to treat HIV, targets reverse transcriptase
26
missense mutation
one amino acid is changed
27
nonsense mutation
stop codon is introduced
28
frameshift mutation
multiple amino acids are changed
29
silent mutation
no amino acids are changed
30
examples of bacteria with virulence plasmids (all gram negative)
Salmonella enterica Shigella flexneri Yersinia pestis
31
virulence plasmids
encodes virulence factors such as toxins that promote infection
32
dissimilation plasmids
encodes enzymes for the catabolism of unusual compounds
33
conjugative plasmids
encodes genes for sex pili and plasmid transfer
34
restriction enzymes
a type of endonuclease that is a defense against viral DNA in bacterial cells; recognize and cut specific DNA sequences
35
restriction enzyme from E. coli
EcoR1
36
vectors
carry DNA to desired cell
37
PCR requirements
template DNA, DNA polymerase (thermophilic), one pair of primers, bases(dNTPs)
38
steps of PCR
denaturing-separate the strands annealing-primers attach extension-DNA polymerase copies target DNA
39
how does PCR only amplify desired gene?
specific primers that only attach to desired DNA fragments
40
how does RT PCR work?
Reverse transcriptase first turns the RNA into DNA then performs PCR
41
qPCR
real-time PCR, can quantify while PCR is running due to fluorescence emitted
42
Ct (Threshold Cycles)
number of cycles to reach detection threshold
43
a higher Ct means
less starting DNA
44
mRNA vaccines
deliver mRNA encoding pathogen to cells, cells produce peptide that serves as antigen to stimulate immunity
45
mRNA COVID vaccines
Pfizer and Moderna
46
non-pathogenic virus based COVID vaccines
Janssen
47
subunit COVID vaccines
Novavax
48
nonpathogenic virus based vaccine
nonpathogenic viruses carry genes for pathogen antigens
49
subunit vaccines
pathogen proteins produced in yeasts
50
DNA delivered to bacterial cell by:
chemical transformation (chems make temp. pores in membrane) electroporation (pores by electric current)
51
DNA delivered to plant cells by:
Agrobacterium tumefaciens carries Ti plasmid that can be genetically modified and the bacterium will insert this into the plant cell
52
phylogeny
study of the evolutionary history of organisms
53
our immune cells have a receptor that identifies __________ in peptides/proteins, (the first amino acid in bacterial DNA replication) which triggers an immune response
N-formylmethionine
54
clone
population derived from single parent cell
55
strain
genetically different cells within a clone
56
viral species definition
pop. of viruses with similar characteristics that occupy a particular ecological niche
57
virus domain
no domain- not composed of cells
58
viral genome can be
DNA or RNA, but never both
59
serology
studies of serum and immune responses within serum, such as antibodies
60
epitope
a small area on the antigen that directly interacts with the antibody; increase specificity
61
phage typing
specific known phage dropped on a lawn of bacteria, areas of lysis indicate the bacteria was susceptible to the phage and identity can be determined
62
DNA fingerprinting
REs cut DNA and electrophoresis separates based on size
63
nucleic acid hybridization
greater degree of hybridization = greater degree of relatedness (more than 70% = same species)
64
fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH)
fluorescent probes stain target microorganism, can detect cancer with specific probes
65
DNA base composition
closely related have similar amounts of bases
66
HAI bacteria resistant to antibiotics (ESKAPE)
Enterococcus faecium Staphylococcus aureus Klebsiella pneumoniae Acinetobacter baumannii Pseudomonas aeruginosa Enterobacter spp.
67
Sofosbuvir targets
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase--to block (+) strand genome replication ex: Hepatitis C

BIO 2270/1 (8 decks)

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