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BIO 2270/1 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

tetracycline

A

targets the bacterial ribosome by binding to a codon and prevents tRNA from bringing anticodons

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2
Q

makeup of DNA

A

backbone of deoxyribose-phosphate, connected to nucleic acids that bond to the opposite strand via hydrogen bonds

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3
Q

sequence that bases are read and transcribes

A

5’ to 3’

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4
Q

primase . . .

A

synthesizes RNA primers

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5
Q

helicase . . .

A

separates DNA strands

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6
Q

topoisomerase or gyrase . . .

A

solve supercoils in DNA strand

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7
Q

DNA polymerase . . .

A

synthesizes new DNA; proofread and repair DNA

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8
Q

DNA ligase . . .

A

joins the discontinuous fragments (Okazaki fragments) of the lagging strand through covalent bonds

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9
Q

accuracy of DNA synthesis in E. coli die to proofreading ability of DNA polymerase?

A

1 error in 10^9-10^11 base pairs

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10
Q

endonucleases . . .

A

cut DNA backbone to facilitate repair and insertions

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11
Q

moxifloxacin targets . . .

A

DNA gyrase in bacteria that separates the two interlocking strands of DNA after replication

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12
Q

the promoter sequence is found in ____________ and ________ bonds to it in transcription

A

prokaryotes; RNA polymerase

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13
Q

in prokaryotes, transcription stops when it reaches the ________ sequence

A

terminal

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14
Q

in eukaryotes, transcription starts with the ___________ binding to the ________

A

TATA binding protein; TATA box

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15
Q

exons vs introns in initial RNA transcript

A

exons code for proteins and introns do not

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16
Q

snRNP meaning and function

A

small nuclear ribonucleoproteins; remove introns and connect exons

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17
Q

Rifampin targets . . .

A

RNA polymerase in bacteria by binding to its subunits; commonly used to treat TB

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18
Q

degeneracy

A

1 amino acid is coded for by multiple codons

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19
Q

R factors

A

plasmids that carry antibiotic-resistance genes

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20
Q

transduction

A

accidental viral transfer of genes between bacteria when the bacteriophage intends to infect host

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21
Q

transformation

A

uptake of naked DNA from environment

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22
Q

conjugation

A

cells exchange DNA through pili

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23
Q

mutagen meaning and examples

A

factors that cause a mutation
UV light
radiation (gamma, x-ray)
chemicals, carcinogens (cancerous)

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24
Q

how does UV light affect DNA genome?

A

induces Thymidine cross-linkages in the same strand of DNA (thymine dimers)

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25
Q

AZT (azidothymidine) is a . . .

A

chemical mutagen used to treat HIV, targets reverse transcriptase

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26
Q

missense mutation

A

one amino acid is changed

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27
Q

nonsense mutation

A

stop codon is introduced

28
Q

frameshift mutation

A

multiple amino acids are changed

29
Q

silent mutation

A

no amino acids are changed

30
Q

examples of bacteria with virulence plasmids (all gram negative)

A

Salmonella enterica
Shigella flexneri
Yersinia pestis

31
Q

virulence plasmids

A

encodes virulence factors such as toxins that promote infection

32
Q

dissimilation plasmids

A

encodes enzymes for the catabolism of unusual compounds

33
Q

conjugative plasmids

A

encodes genes for sex pili and plasmid transfer

34
Q

restriction enzymes

A

a type of endonuclease that is a defense against viral DNA in bacterial cells; recognize and cut specific DNA sequences

35
Q

restriction enzyme from E. coli

A

EcoR1

36
Q

vectors

A

carry DNA to desired cell

37
Q

PCR requirements

A

template DNA, DNA polymerase (thermophilic), one pair of primers, bases(dNTPs)

38
Q

steps of PCR

A

denaturing-separate the strands
annealing-primers attach
extension-DNA polymerase copies target DNA

39
Q

how does PCR only amplify desired gene?

A

specific primers that only attach to desired DNA fragments

40
Q

how does RT PCR work?

A

Reverse transcriptase first turns the RNA into DNA then performs PCR

41
Q

qPCR

A

real-time PCR, can quantify while PCR is running due to fluorescence emitted

42
Q

Ct (Threshold Cycles)

A

number of cycles to reach detection threshold

43
Q

a higher Ct means

A

less starting DNA

44
Q

mRNA vaccines

A

deliver mRNA encoding pathogen to cells, cells produce peptide that serves as antigen to stimulate immunity

45
Q

mRNA COVID vaccines

A

Pfizer and Moderna

46
Q

non-pathogenic virus based COVID vaccines

A

Janssen

47
Q

subunit COVID vaccines

A

Novavax

48
Q

nonpathogenic virus based vaccine

A

nonpathogenic viruses carry genes for pathogen antigens

49
Q

subunit vaccines

A

pathogen proteins produced in yeasts

50
Q

DNA delivered to bacterial cell by:

A

chemical transformation (chems make temp. pores in membrane)
electroporation (pores by electric current)

51
Q

DNA delivered to plant cells by:

A

Agrobacterium tumefaciens carries Ti plasmid that can be genetically modified and the bacterium will insert this into the plant cell

52
Q

phylogeny

A

study of the evolutionary history of organisms

53
Q

our immune cells have a receptor that identifies __________ in peptides/proteins, (the first amino acid in bacterial DNA replication) which triggers an immune response

A

N-formylmethionine

54
Q

clone

A

population derived from single parent cell

55
Q

strain

A

genetically different cells within a clone

56
Q

viral species definition

A

pop. of viruses with similar characteristics that occupy a particular ecological niche

57
Q

virus domain

A

no domain- not composed of cells

58
Q

viral genome can be

A

DNA or RNA, but never both

59
Q

serology

A

studies of serum and immune responses within serum, such as antibodies

60
Q

epitope

A

a small area on the antigen that directly interacts with the antibody; increase specificity

61
Q

phage typing

A

specific known phage dropped on a lawn of bacteria, areas of lysis indicate the bacteria was susceptible to the phage and identity can be determined

62
Q

DNA fingerprinting

A

REs cut DNA and electrophoresis separates based on size

63
Q

nucleic acid hybridization

A

greater degree of hybridization = greater degree of relatedness (more than 70% = same species)

64
Q

fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH)

A

fluorescent probes stain target microorganism, can detect cancer with specific probes

65
Q

DNA base composition

A

closely related have similar amounts of bases

66
Q

HAI bacteria resistant to antibiotics (ESKAPE)

A

Enterococcus faecium
Staphylococcus aureus
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Acinetobacter baumannii
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Enterobacter spp.

67
Q

Sofosbuvir targets

A

RNA-dependent RNA polymerase–to block (+) strand genome replication ex: Hepatitis C

BIO 2270/1 (8 decks)

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