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BIO 2270/1 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Bacterial ribosomes are what S value and made up of what components?

A

70S (50S+30S)

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2
Q

Eukaryotic ribosomes are what S value and made up of what components?

A

80S (60S+40S)

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3
Q

The unaided eye can see sizes greater than

A

200um

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4
Q

light microscope size range

A

10mm-200nm

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5
Q

Scanning EM size range

A

1mm-10nm

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6
Q

Transmission EM size range

A

100um-10pm

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7
Q

Atomic force microscope size range

A

10nm-0.1nm

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8
Q

prokaryotic cells can be ___ to _____ times smaller than eukaryotic cells

A

10; 100

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9
Q

2 main functions of pili

A

cell motility (gliding and twitching) and DNA transfer (by conjugation pili)

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10
Q

endospore layers (inside to outside)

A

core, inner membrane, germ cell wall, cortex, outer membrane, spore coat, sometimes exosporium

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11
Q

Taxonomy classification order (large to small)

A

Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

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12
Q

3 domains of cellular organisms

A

Bacteria, Eukarya, Archaea

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13
Q

types of Eukarya

A

protists, fungi, plants, animals

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14
Q

average virus size

A

10 to 100 nm

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15
Q

what type of microscope can be used to see DNA

A

atomic force microscope

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16
Q

refraction

A

measure of the light bending ability of a medium

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17
Q

average bacteria size

A

1 to 10 um

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18
Q

which microscope is most useful with biofilms

A

scanning acoustic

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19
Q

endoflagella

A

aka axial filaments, inside cell cause it to move like a corkscrew

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20
Q

spirochetes

A

type of spiral shaped bacteria

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21
Q

spirilla

A

type of spiral shaped bacteria

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22
Q

spheroplast

A

wall-less gram-negative cell

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23
Q

protoplast

A

wall-less gram-positive cell

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24
Q

endocytosis

A

eukaryotic cells only; phagocytosis and pinocytosis

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25
golgi complex
modifies proteins from ER and transports them via secretory vesicles
26
endosymbiotic theory
mitochondria originated from bacteria cells
27
centrioles
structure within eukaryotes with 9 microtubule triplets; involved in formation of mitotic spindle during cell division
28
pili
nano-protein involved in cell motility (gliding and twitching) and DNA transfer
29
fimbriae
hairlike appendages that allow for attachments
30
plasmolysis
loss of water from a cell in a hypertonic environment
31
where does water diffuse when a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution
water flows out of the cell
32
where does water diffuse when a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution
water flows into the cell
33
phagocytosis
pseudopods extend and engulf particles, dead cells, or microbes
34
pinocytosis
the cell membrane folds inward and brings in fluid containing dissolved materials
35
endoplasmic reticulum
membrane encompassed, folded transport network, rough-ribosomal, smooth-no ribosomes
36
lipid A
anchors the LPS to the outer membrane of gram-negative cells; mainly responsible for endotoxin effect
37
outer membrane of gram negative cell made of
lipopolysaccharides, lipoproteins, and phospholipids
38
porins
form channels through the outer membrane of gram-negative cells, making the outer membrane much more permeable
39
LPS
lipopolysaccharides on the outer membrane of gram-negative cells, also called endotoxins. 3 parts: Lipid A, O-antigen polysaccharide, and core polysaccharide
40
catabolic reactions
degradative pathways, usually release energy
41
anabolic reactions
pathways that build molecules, usually use energy
42
obligate anaerobes
cannot grow in the presence of oxygen
43
microaerophile
grows in the presence of small amounts of oxygen
44
psychrotrophs
grow between 0-20/30C; main cause for food spoilage
45
thermophile
50-60C
46
hyperthermophile
above 80C
47
reducing media
contains chemical(sodium thioglycolate) that deplete oxygen; heated; anaerobic jar
48
Gram-positive genera
Listeria, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Clostridium, Bacillus
49
Gram-negative genera
Salmonella, Legionella, Escherichia
50
log phase
exponential growth stage of bacteria
51
mesophilic
25-40C, most pathogenic bacteria to humans
52
heterotrophic
use organic carbon as food
53
facultative anaerobe
grows in the presence or absence of oxygen, but better with oxygen
54
oligodynamic
the ability of small amounts of heavy metal to exert antimicrobial activity
55
triclosan
bisphenol that disrupts plasma membranes and is found in some soaps; targets gram-positive bacteria
56
glutaraldehydes
aldehyde sterilant, must be diluted before use
57
What is the typical mechanism of action for chemical food preservatives?
metabolic inhibition
58
most effective concentrations of alcohol antiseptic
70-75%
59
bisphenols
hexachlorophene and triclosan
60
HEPA filter pore size
0.3um
61
autoclaving requirements
121C for 15mins
62
tincture
medical or chemical disinfectant dissolved in a alcohol-based solution
63
alcohols are not reliably effective at destroying:
endospores and non-enveloped viruses (since they denature proteins and damage cytoplasmic lipid membranes)
64
aldehyde functional group
-CHO
65
aldehyde sterilant function
diffuses across membranes and forms amide-cross-links with amino acids to inactivate proteins
66
biguanides
derived from biguanide (C2H7N5), affect membranes of vegetative cells causing leakage (ex: chlorohexidine-antiseptic)
67
halogens use as disinfectant
oxidizing agents that damage proteins and other cell components: chlorine and iodine
68
Chlorine usage
Liquid bleach: sodium hypochlorite Chlorine dioxide: disinfect drinking water
69
Iodophor
low concentration tincture: combination of iodine and organic molecules from which iodine is slowly released (disinfectant or antiseptic)
70
surfactants
lower surface tension; amphipathic and allow for hydrophobic things to be washed away; soaps and detergents (quats)
71
quats
cationic detergents that are safe enough to use in food prep
72
how do metals disinfect
denature protein by interacting with -SH group
73
peroxygens
strong oxidizing agents; peracetic acid, hydrogen peroxide
74
ethylene oxide
highly flammable gas sterilizer; long treatment time; potentially carcinogenic
75
formaldehyde gas
made by oxidizing ethanol; disinfectant at 3% dilution and sterilant at 37% dilution; kills microbes by causing protein-DNA cross-linkages
76
ozone
unstable strong oxidizing agent, reactive to form free radicals leading to cell lysis
77
bactericidal vs bacteriostatic
kills bacteria vs stops growth
78
protein that makes up flagella in eukaryotic cells, and array of microtubules
tubulin; 9 + 2 array

BIO 2270/1 (8 decks)

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