Exam 3 Flashcards by Rebekah Wielenga

Parenteral route of entry

deposited directly into tissues when barriers are penetrated (wounds)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

adhesions

ligands on the pathogen bind to receptors on the host cell

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

capsules

glycocalyx around the cell wall, mostly polysaccharides, lipoproteins, and glycoproteins

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Opa protein

allows attachment to host cells

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

M protein

prevents phagocytosis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

mycolic acid

prevents digestion by macrophages, Mycobacterium

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

coagulases

coagulate fibrinogen; causes blood clotting

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

collagenase

breaks down collagen in connective tissue

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

hyaluronidase

digests hyaluronic acids that holds cells together, promotes tissue penetration and pathogen mobility

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

IgA protease

destroy IgA antibodies

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

toxoids

non pathogenic exotoxin that still induce an immune response

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

streptokinase (fibrinolysin)

cut fibrin to undo blood clots; used to treat blood clots in patients, i.e. strokes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

LAL assay

tests for the presence of endotoxins; blood of horseshoe crabs contain amebocytes that lyse in presence of amebocytes and form a clot

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

High WBC counts may indicate

bacterial infection, autoimmune disease, side effects of meds

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Low WBC counts may indicate

viral infection, pneumonia, autoimmune, cancers

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

function of NSAIDs (advil, tylenol, motrin, etc)

inhibit prostaglandin production

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

endotoxins such as LPS cause the phagocytes to release these cytokines, which cause the hypothalamus to release prostaglandins which increase temperature

interleukin-1 (IL-1) and TNF-alpha

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

All 3 complement pathways activate

C3, which leads to increased inflammation, pore formation o bacterial membrane, opsonization, and cell lysis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

IFN-alpha and IFN-beta

produced by cells in response to viral infection, cause other cells to produce anti-viral proteins

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

IFN-gamma

causes neutrophils and macrophages to kill bacteria

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

2 types of adaptive immunity

humoral (B cells; outside host cells) and cellular (T cells; intracellular)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

types of cytokines

Interferons: interfere with viral infection
Interleukins: immune cells and other cell communication
Chemokines: induce mobility of leukocytes
TNF-alpha: stimulates immune cells and induces apoptosis, involved with autoimmune disease
Hematopoietic cytokines: controls stem cell differentiation into red/white BC

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

first Ig that responds to infection; short-lived; pentamer

IgM

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

most abundant Ig; able to cross placenta and protect fetus; triggers complement system

IgG

Ig that is a dimer in secretions; common in breast milk, saliva, tears, mucus membranes

IgA

monomer Ig; blood, lymph, B cells; no well-defined function

IgD

monomer Ig; mast cells, basophils, in blood; cause release of histamines; contributes to asthma

IgE

humanized antibody to target IgE and approved for allergic asthma

Omalizumab (Xolair)

Humira function

targets TNF-alpha to suppress overactive inflammation, side effects include lowered ability to fight infections

MHC-I and MHC-II

MHC-I: on the membrane of nucleated animal cells except erthyrocytes; activate cellular immunity if there is an intracellular infection MHC-II: presented by APCs to activate T helper cells

HIV causes immunodeficiency (AIDS) by attacking

CD4+ or T helper cells

NK cells kill cells that:

don't express any MHC-I: virus-infected cells, tumor cells, parasites

Artificially acquired passive immunity examples (injection of antibodies)

Antivenin and Humira

Examples of subunit vaccines

recombinant, virus-like particle, and toxoids

Recombinant vector COVID vaccine; uses adenovirus as a vector to deliver spike protein gene

Johnson and Johnson

mRNA COVID vaccines; deliver antigen mRNA into the cell nucleus to stimulate adaptive immunity

Pfizer and Moderna

conjugated vaccines are commmonly used for who?

children whose immune systems don't respond to polysaccharide capsules as much

approved adjuvants

alum and monophosphoryl lipid A

monoclonal antibodies

used for creating one specific antibody in laboratories--stable and high-quality; used for arthritis and allergic asthma

what can be used with penicillin to inhibit beta-lactamase, an antibiotic-resistant enzyme?

clavulanic acid

semisynthetic penicillin that is resistant to beta-lactamase

methicillin and oxicillin

semisynthetic penicillin that can go through outer membrane and target gram negative bacteria

Aminopenicillins: amoxicillin, ampicillin

antibiotic that works similarly to penicillins targeting peptidoglycan synthesis, fifth generation can also be used for MRSA

cephalosporins

other inhibitors of cell wall synthesis, but don't target PBPs

bacitracin: disrupts transport of building blocks; works against gram-positives vancomycin: blocks cross-linking; last line against MRSA teixobactin: new class against gram positives

antimycobacterial antibiotics

ethambutol: inhibits mycolic acid incorporation into the cell wall isoniazid (INH): inhibits mycolic acid synthesis

Inhibit protein synthesis/translation

chloramphenicol, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, nitrofurantoin, doxycycline, macrolides

Chloramphenicol

target 50S subunit, inhibits peptide bond formation

Aminoglycosides

change the shape of the 30S subunit: streptomycin, neomycin, gentamicin

Tetracyclines

inhibit attachment of tRNA to mRNA; broad-spectrum; useful against Rickettsia and Chlamydia

Doxycyclines

derivative of tetracycline; broad spectrum and bacteriostatic; bind to 30S subunit

Nitrofurantoin

attack bacterial ribosomal proteins; useful against UTIs

Macrolides

contain macrocyclic lactone ring, binds to 50S subunit; erythromycin for treating eye infection and pneumonia

Antibiotics that disrupt plasma membrane

Lipoproteins: polymyxin B and polymyxin E effective against gram-negatives

what antibiotics does Neosporin contain

bacitracin, polymyxin B, neomycin

nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors

Rifamycin (rifampin, rifampicin): inhibits mRNA synthesis by targeting RNA polymerase; good for tuberculosis Quinolone and Fluoroquinolones (moxifloxacin and ciprofloxacin): inhibit DNA gyrase

antibiotic for inhibiting folic acid synthesis

sulfonamides--combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ); effective for UTIs and targets gram + and -

antifungal drugs

Target ergosterols: polyenes (nystatin, amphotericin B) Target beta-glucan walls: echinocandins Other: azoles, allylamines

antiviral drugs

Acyclovir: nucleoside analog; used for HSV AZT: nucleoside analog; targets HIV reverse transcriptase Saquinavir: targets HIV protease

antiprotozoan drug that is derived from traditional Chinese medicine

Artemisinin; kills Plasmodium that causes malaria