Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIO 2270/1 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Parenteral route of entry

A

deposited directly into tissues when barriers are penetrated (wounds)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

adhesions

A

ligands on the pathogen bind to receptors on the host cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

capsules

A

glycocalyx around the cell wall, mostly polysaccharides, lipoproteins, and glycoproteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Opa protein

A

allows attachment to host cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

M protein

A

prevents phagocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

mycolic acid

A

prevents digestion by macrophages, Mycobacterium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

coagulases

A

coagulate fibrinogen; causes blood clotting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

collagenase

A

breaks down collagen in connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

hyaluronidase

A

digests hyaluronic acids that holds cells together, promotes tissue penetration and pathogen mobility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

IgA protease

A

destroy IgA antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

toxoids

A

non pathogenic exotoxin that still induce an immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

streptokinase (fibrinolysin)

A

cut fibrin to undo blood clots; used to treat blood clots in patients, i.e. strokes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

LAL assay

A

tests for the presence of endotoxins; blood of horseshoe crabs contain amebocytes that lyse in presence of amebocytes and form a clot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

High WBC counts may indicate

A

bacterial infection, autoimmune disease, side effects of meds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Low WBC counts may indicate

A

viral infection, pneumonia, autoimmune, cancers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

function of NSAIDs (advil, tylenol, motrin, etc)

A

inhibit prostaglandin production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

endotoxins such as LPS cause the phagocytes to release these cytokines, which cause the hypothalamus to release prostaglandins which increase temperature

A

interleukin-1 (IL-1) and TNF-alpha

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

All 3 complement pathways activate

A

C3, which leads to increased inflammation, pore formation o bacterial membrane, opsonization, and cell lysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

IFN-alpha and IFN-beta

A

produced by cells in response to viral infection, cause other cells to produce anti-viral proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

IFN-gamma

A

causes neutrophils and macrophages to kill bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

2 types of adaptive immunity

A

humoral (B cells; outside host cells) and cellular (T cells; intracellular)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

types of cytokines

A

Interferons: interfere with viral infection
Interleukins: immune cells and other cell communication
Chemokines: induce mobility of leukocytes
TNF-alpha: stimulates immune cells and induces apoptosis, involved with autoimmune disease
Hematopoietic cytokines: controls stem cell differentiation into red/white BC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

first Ig that responds to infection; short-lived; pentamer

A

IgM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

most abundant Ig; able to cross placenta and protect fetus; triggers complement system

A

IgG

25
Q

Ig that is a dimer in secretions; common in breast milk, saliva, tears, mucus membranes

A

IgA

26
Q

monomer Ig; blood, lymph, B cells; no well-defined function

A

IgD

27
Q

monomer Ig; mast cells, basophils, in blood; cause release of histamines; contributes to asthma

A

IgE

28
Q

humanized antibody to target IgE and approved for allergic asthma

A

Omalizumab (Xolair)

29
Q

Humira function

A

targets TNF-alpha to suppress overactive inflammation, side effects include lowered ability to fight infections

30
Q

MHC-I and MHC-II

A

MHC-I: on the membrane of nucleated animal cells except erthyrocytes; activate cellular immunity if there is an intracellular infection
MHC-II: presented by APCs to activate T helper cells

31
Q

HIV causes immunodeficiency (AIDS) by attacking

A

CD4+ or T helper cells

32
Q

NK cells kill cells that:

A

don’t express any MHC-I: virus-infected cells, tumor cells, parasites

33
Q

Artificially acquired passive immunity examples (injection of antibodies)

A

Antivenin and Humira

34
Q

Examples of subunit vaccines

A

recombinant, virus-like particle, and toxoids

35
Q

Recombinant vector COVID vaccine; uses adenovirus as a vector to deliver spike protein gene

A

Johnson and Johnson

36
Q

mRNA COVID vaccines; deliver antigen mRNA into the cell nucleus to stimulate adaptive immunity

A

Pfizer and Moderna

37
Q

conjugated vaccines are commmonly used for who?

A

children whose immune systems don’t respond to polysaccharide capsules as much

38
Q

approved adjuvants

A

alum and monophosphoryl lipid A

39
Q

monoclonal antibodies

A

used for creating one specific antibody in laboratories–stable and high-quality; used for arthritis and allergic asthma

40
Q

what can be used with penicillin to inhibit beta-lactamase, an antibiotic-resistant enzyme?

A

clavulanic acid

41
Q

semisynthetic penicillin that is resistant to beta-lactamase

A

methicillin and oxicillin

42
Q

semisynthetic penicillin that can go through outer membrane and target gram negative bacteria

A

Aminopenicillins: amoxicillin, ampicillin

43
Q

antibiotic that works similarly to penicillins targeting peptidoglycan synthesis, fifth generation can also be used for MRSA

A

cephalosporins

44
Q

other inhibitors of cell wall synthesis, but don’t target PBPs

A

bacitracin: disrupts transport of building blocks; works against gram-positives
vancomycin: blocks cross-linking; last line against MRSA
teixobactin: new class against gram positives

45
Q

antimycobacterial antibiotics

A

ethambutol: inhibits mycolic acid incorporation into the cell wall
isoniazid (INH): inhibits mycolic acid synthesis

46
Q

Inhibit protein synthesis/translation

A

chloramphenicol, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, nitrofurantoin, doxycycline, macrolides

47
Q

Chloramphenicol

A

target 50S subunit, inhibits peptide bond formation

48
Q

Aminoglycosides

A

change the shape of the 30S subunit: streptomycin, neomycin, gentamicin

49
Q

Tetracyclines

A

inhibit attachment of tRNA to mRNA; broad-spectrum; useful against Rickettsia and Chlamydia

50
Q

Doxycyclines

A

derivative of tetracycline; broad spectrum and bacteriostatic; bind to 30S subunit

51
Q

Nitrofurantoin

A

attack bacterial ribosomal proteins; useful against UTIs

52
Q

Macrolides

A

contain macrocyclic lactone ring, binds to 50S subunit; erythromycin for treating eye infection and pneumonia

53
Q

Antibiotics that disrupt plasma membrane

A

Lipoproteins: polymyxin B and polymyxin E
effective against gram-negatives

54
Q

what antibiotics does Neosporin contain

A

bacitracin, polymyxin B, neomycin

55
Q

nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors

A

Rifamycin (rifampin, rifampicin): inhibits mRNA synthesis by targeting RNA polymerase; good for tuberculosis
Quinolone and Fluoroquinolones (moxifloxacin and ciprofloxacin): inhibit DNA gyrase

56
Q

antibiotic for inhibiting folic acid synthesis

A

sulfonamides–combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ); effective for UTIs and targets gram + and -

57
Q

antifungal drugs

A

Target ergosterols: polyenes (nystatin, amphotericin B)
Target beta-glucan walls: echinocandins
Other: azoles, allylamines

58
Q

antiviral drugs

A

Acyclovir: nucleoside analog; used for HSV
AZT: nucleoside analog; targets HIV reverse transcriptase
Saquinavir: targets HIV protease

59
Q

antiprotozoan drug that is derived from traditional Chinese medicine

A

Artemisinin; kills Plasmodium that causes malaria

BIO 2270/1 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions