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BIO 2270/1 > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What does skin contain that fights microbial growth?

A

Sweat contains salt, lysozyme(digests peptidoglycan), and antimicrobial peptides
Oil glands secrete sebum that contains fatty acids that inhibit pathogens

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2
Q

Yeast that causes dandruff

A

Malassezia furfur

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3
Q

Gram-positive bacterium that uses sebum for nutrition and causes acne

A

Propionibacterium acnes

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4
Q

Genus that has many species that produce coagulase

A

Staphylococci (ex: S. aureus); S. epidermidis and S. saprophyticus do not

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5
Q

S. aureus qualities

A

golden yellow colonies; produces toxins that could cause sepsis; secretes proteins to avoid host defenses and kill phagocytes

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6
Q

MRSA resistance and antibiotics to use instead

A

MRSA strains have gene mecA that encodes a different enzyme PBP2a that methicillin can’t bind to and inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis
Use: vancomycin(peptidolglycan inhibitor), sulfonamides(folic acid inhibitor), doxycycline (inhibit ribosome/protein synthesis), Ceftaroline (5th gen Cephalosporin/peptidoglycan inhibitor)

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7
Q

sty

A

folliculitis of eyelash; caused by S. aureus

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8
Q

furuncle

A

caused by S. aureus; boil; abscess of pus surrounded by inflamed tissue

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9
Q

carbuncle

A

damage of deep tissue from spreading furuncle

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10
Q

Impetigo

A

crusting non-bullous sores; contagious; spread by direct contact; kids 2-5yrs; caused by S. aureus and S. pyogenes

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11
Q

exotoxins of S. aureus

A

Exfoliative toxin A: protease that damages connective tissue and causes skin peeling; bullous impetigo
Exfoliative toxin B: protease that damages connective tissue and causes skin peeling; scalded skin syndrome
TSST-1: exotoxin that acts as a superantigen and causes an overactive immune response causes toxic shock syndrome

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12
Q

Streptococcal species usually contain

A

hemolysins: exotoxins that lyse RBCs
alpha: incomplete, green, S. pneumoniae
beta: complete; clear halo, S. pyogenes, often cause disease
gamma: no hemolysis

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13
Q

Group A streptococci (GAS) also known as

A

S. pyogenes
virulence factors: beta-hemolytic (streptolysins), M proteins, hyaluronidase, streptokinases

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14
Q

S. pyogenes skin infection

A

erysipelas
necrotizing fasciitis
streptococcal TSS

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15
Q

antibiotics for S. pyogenes

A

cephalosporins, penicillins

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16
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections and treatment

A

otitis externa (swimmer’s ear)
pseudomonas dermatitis (rash from pools)
gentamicin(ribosome), cephalosporin(peptidoglycan), ciprofloxacin (DNA gyrase)

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17
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa characteristics

A

Gram-negative (no natural penicillins)
opportunistic in burn patients, cystic fibrosis, immunocompromised
exotoxins and endotoxins, pyocyanin produces blue/green pus, resistant to many antibiotics

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18
Q

moderate acne caused by Propionibacterium acnes treated with

A

antibiotics and benzoyl peroxide

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19
Q

warts are caused by

A

low risk papillomavirus (HPV) and are a common STI, high-risk HPVs cause cancer

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20
Q

skin warts treated with

A

cryotherapy, salicylic acid, electrodesiccation, laser

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21
Q

virus that causes smallpox

A

variola major: 20-60% mortality
variola minor: <1% mortality
transmitted via respiratory route

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22
Q

viruses in orthropoxvirus family, can be treated with same vaccine

A

smallpox (variola)
cowpox (vaccinia)
monkeypox

23
Q

chickenpox virus

A

varicella (Herpesvirus varicella-zoster, HHV-3)
transmitted respiratory route
live attenuated vaccine
becomes latent in central nerve ganglia

24
Q

Reye’s syndrome

A

severe complication of chickenpox

25
Shingles virus
herpes-zoster (HHV-3) reactivation of latent varicella zoster (HHV-3) affects only one side usually live attenuated vaccine treated with Acyclovir
26
difference between Viravax (chickenpox) and Zostvax (shingles)
both live attenuated varicella virus Zostvax has lots more PFU (viruses)
27
HSV-1
spread oral/respiratory routes 90% of the US is infected causes cold sores/fever blisters remains latent in trigeminal nerve ganglia
28
HSV-2
spread primarily sexually (genital herpes) remains latent in the sacral nerve ganglia (pelvic ends) near the spine
29
what causes Herpes gladiatorum and herpetic whitlow
HSV-1
30
herpes encephalitis
virus spreads to the brain HSV-1 and HSV-2 high mortality
31
HSV treatment
no vaccine yet (in trial) treated with Acyclovir
32
Rubeola vs Rubella
Rubeola: measles virus (Measles morbillivirus), respiratory route, cold-like, macular rash, Koplik's spots by molars Rubella: german measles, rubella virus, respiratory route, macular rash and light fever BOTH prevented with MMR vaccine
33
Congenital rubella syndrome
rubella passed from mother to child and 15% mortality within first year of life MMR vaccine not recommended for pregnant women
34
Fifth disease (erythema infectiosum)
human parvovirus B19 flulike, facial rash
35
Roseola
HHV 6 and 7 fever, rash, 1-2 days recovery
36
hand-foot-mouth disease
enteroviruses spread via mucous/saliva in children fever, sore throat, rash and blisters
37
Mycosis
fungal infection of the body
38
cutaneous mycoses
skin, hair, nails, etc dermatomycoses (tineas or ringworm) such as tinea capitis (scalp ringworm) or tinea pedis (athlete's foot)
39
Genera of fungi in cutaneous mycoses and treatment
Trichophyton, Microsporum, Epidermophyton miconazole and clotrimazole (ergosterol inhibitors)
40
Candidiasis caused by
Candida albicans (yeast) pseudohyphae are resistant to phagocytosis thrush: C. albicans in the oral cavity systemic candidiasis in immunosuppressed patients treated with Nystatin (beta-glucan inhibitor)
41
conjunctivities
red eye/pink eye commonly caused by Haemophilus influenzae (gram -) or Pseudomonas aeruginosa with contact lenses viral conjunctivitis caused by adenoviruses eyedrops with ciprofloxacin (DNA gyrase) used for bacterial infection but not viral
42
ophthalmia neonatorum
caused by gram neg. Neisseria gonorrhea transferred to newborn eyes during childbirth prevented with erythromycin (50S subunit)
43
inclusion conjunctivitis
Chlamydia trachomatis-obligate intracellular transmitted in the birth canal to newborn eyes spread in pool water treated with tetracycline (30S ribosome, penetrate membranes)
44
keratitis
inflammation of cornea P. aeruginosa common cause
45
herpetic keratitis
HSv-1 infects cornea blindness
46
Acanthamoeba keratitis
unsanitary contact lenses ameba transmitted in water/soil inflammation --> sever pain
47
Drug that is lipid-soluble and can pass BBB for treating infection in the CNS
chloramphenicol (targets bacterial ribosome)
48
Haemophilus influenzae meningitis
gram negative, capsule poluysaccharides prevented by Hib vaccine (conjugated vaccine)
49
Meningococcal meningitis
Neisseria meningitidis Meningitis gram negative diplococcus outbreaks in college dorms vaccination for types A C Y W B but not X
50
Listeriosis causative agent and attributes
Listeria monocytogenes (gram +) Reproduces in phagocytes, can lead to sepsis, can grow at low temps Can lead to stillbirth
51
Why do doctors tell pregnant women to avoid sushi/raw fish?
Listeria monocytogenes can grow at low temps and cross the placenta to cause stillbirth
52
Pneumococcal meningitis
Streptococcus pneumoniae (gram +) Prevented by conjugated vaccine (Prevnar20) Also causes pneumonia and otitis media common in children
53
Chemotherapy for bacterial meningitis
Broad spectrum 3rd gen cephalosporins Vancomycin ( cell wall inhibitor) (subject to change after diagnosis)
54
Leprosy cause, treatment, and attributes
Mycobacterium leprae-acid fast spreads via contact/inhalation secretions progressive disfiguring nodules; affects mucous membranes Treat with dapsone (sulfonamide), rifampin, clofazimine (lipid dye)

BIO 2270/1 (8 decks)

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