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BIO 2270/1 > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does skin contain that fights microbial growth?

A

Sweat contains salt, lysozyme(digests peptidoglycan), and antimicrobial peptides
Oil glands secrete sebum that contains fatty acids that inhibit pathogens

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2
Q

Yeast that causes dandruff

A

Malassezia furfur

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3
Q

Gram-positive bacterium that uses sebum for nutrition and causes acne

A

Propionibacterium acnes

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4
Q

Genus that has many species that produce coagulase

A

Staphylococci (ex: S. aureus); S. epidermidis and S. saprophyticus do not

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5
Q

S. aureus qualities

A

golden yellow colonies; produces toxins that could cause sepsis; secretes proteins to avoid host defenses and kill phagocytes

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6
Q

MRSA resistance and antibiotics to use instead

A

MRSA strains have gene mecA that encodes a different enzyme PBP2a that methicillin can’t bind to and inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis
Use: vancomycin(peptidolglycan inhibitor), sulfonamides(folic acid inhibitor), doxycycline (inhibit ribosome/protein synthesis), Ceftaroline (5th gen Cephalosporin/peptidoglycan inhibitor)

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7
Q

sty

A

folliculitis of eyelash; caused by S. aureus

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8
Q

furuncle

A

caused by S. aureus; boil; abscess of pus surrounded by inflamed tissue

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9
Q

carbuncle

A

damage of deep tissue from spreading furuncle

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10
Q

Impetigo

A

crusting non-bullous sores; contagious; spread by direct contact; kids 2-5yrs; caused by S. aureus and S. pyogenes

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11
Q

exotoxins of S. aureus

A

Exfoliative toxin A: protease that damages connective tissue and causes skin peeling; bullous impetigo
Exfoliative toxin B: protease that damages connective tissue and causes skin peeling; scalded skin syndrome
TSST-1: exotoxin that acts as a superantigen and causes an overactive immune response causes toxic shock syndrome

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12
Q

Streptococcal species usually contain

A

hemolysins: exotoxins that lyse RBCs
alpha: incomplete, green, S. pneumoniae
beta: complete; clear halo, S. pyogenes, often cause disease
gamma: no hemolysis

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13
Q

Group A streptococci (GAS) also known as

A

S. pyogenes
virulence factors: beta-hemolytic (streptolysins), M proteins, hyaluronidase, streptokinases

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14
Q

S. pyogenes skin infection

A

erysipelas
necrotizing fasciitis
streptococcal TSS

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15
Q

antibiotics for S. pyogenes

A

cephalosporins, penicillins

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16
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections and treatment

A

otitis externa (swimmer’s ear)
pseudomonas dermatitis (rash from pools)
gentamicin(ribosome), cephalosporin(peptidoglycan), ciprofloxacin (DNA gyrase)

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17
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa characteristics

A

Gram-negative (no natural penicillins)
opportunistic in burn patients, cystic fibrosis, immunocompromised
exotoxins and endotoxins, pyocyanin produces blue/green pus, resistant to many antibiotics

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18
Q

moderate acne caused by Propionibacterium acnes treated with

A

antibiotics and benzoyl peroxide

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19
Q

warts are caused by

A

low risk papillomavirus (HPV) and are a common STI, high-risk HPVs cause cancer

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20
Q

skin warts treated with

A

cryotherapy, salicylic acid, electrodesiccation, laser

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21
Q

virus that causes smallpox

A

variola major: 20-60% mortality
variola minor: <1% mortality
transmitted via respiratory route

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22
Q

viruses in orthropoxvirus family, can be treated with same vaccine

A

smallpox (variola)
cowpox (vaccinia)
monkeypox

23
Q

chickenpox virus

A

varicella (Herpesvirus varicella-zoster, HHV-3)
transmitted respiratory route
live attenuated vaccine
becomes latent in central nerve ganglia

24
Q

Reye’s syndrome

A

severe complication of chickenpox

25
Q

Shingles virus

A

herpes-zoster (HHV-3)
reactivation of latent varicella zoster (HHV-3)
affects only one side usually
live attenuated vaccine
treated with Acyclovir

26
Q

difference between Viravax (chickenpox) and Zostvax (shingles)

A

both live attenuated varicella virus
Zostvax has lots more PFU (viruses)

27
Q

HSV-1

A

spread oral/respiratory routes
90% of the US is infected
causes cold sores/fever blisters
remains latent in trigeminal nerve ganglia

28
Q

HSV-2

A

spread primarily sexually (genital herpes)
remains latent in the sacral nerve ganglia (pelvic ends) near the spine

29
Q

what causes Herpes gladiatorum and herpetic whitlow

A

HSV-1

30
Q

herpes encephalitis

A

virus spreads to the brain
HSV-1 and HSV-2
high mortality

31
Q

HSV treatment

A

no vaccine yet (in trial)
treated with Acyclovir

32
Q

Rubeola vs Rubella

A

Rubeola: measles virus (Measles morbillivirus), respiratory route, cold-like, macular rash, Koplik’s spots by molars
Rubella: german measles, rubella virus, respiratory route, macular rash and light fever
BOTH prevented with MMR vaccine

33
Q

Congenital rubella syndrome

A

rubella passed from mother to child and 15% mortality within first year of life
MMR vaccine not recommended for pregnant women

34
Q

Fifth disease (erythema infectiosum)

A

human parvovirus B19
flulike, facial rash

35
Q

Roseola

A

HHV 6 and 7
fever, rash, 1-2 days recovery

36
Q

hand-foot-mouth disease

A

enteroviruses
spread via mucous/saliva in children
fever, sore throat, rash and blisters

37
Q

Mycosis

A

fungal infection of the body

38
Q

cutaneous mycoses

A

skin, hair, nails, etc
dermatomycoses (tineas or ringworm) such as tinea capitis (scalp ringworm) or tinea pedis (athlete’s foot)

39
Q

Genera of fungi in cutaneous mycoses and treatment

A

Trichophyton, Microsporum, Epidermophyton
miconazole and clotrimazole (ergosterol inhibitors)

40
Q

Candidiasis caused by

A

Candida albicans (yeast) pseudohyphae are resistant to phagocytosis
thrush: C. albicans in the oral cavity
systemic candidiasis in immunosuppressed patients
treated with Nystatin (beta-glucan inhibitor)

41
Q

conjunctivities

A

red eye/pink eye
commonly caused by Haemophilus influenzae (gram -) or Pseudomonas aeruginosa with contact lenses
viral conjunctivitis caused by adenoviruses
eyedrops with ciprofloxacin (DNA gyrase) used for bacterial infection but not viral

42
Q

ophthalmia neonatorum

A

caused by gram neg. Neisseria gonorrhea
transferred to newborn eyes during childbirth
prevented with erythromycin (50S subunit)

43
Q

inclusion conjunctivitis

A

Chlamydia trachomatis-obligate intracellular
transmitted in the birth canal to newborn eyes
spread in pool water
treated with tetracycline (30S ribosome, penetrate membranes)

44
Q

keratitis

A

inflammation of cornea
P. aeruginosa common cause

45
Q

herpetic keratitis

A

HSv-1 infects cornea
blindness

46
Q

Acanthamoeba keratitis

A

unsanitary contact lenses
ameba transmitted in water/soil
inflammation –> sever pain

47
Q

Drug that is lipid-soluble and can pass BBB for treating infection in the CNS

A

chloramphenicol (targets bacterial ribosome)

48
Q

Haemophilus influenzae meningitis

A

gram negative, capsule poluysaccharides
prevented by Hib vaccine (conjugated vaccine)

49
Q

Meningococcal meningitis

A

Neisseria meningitidis Meningitis
gram negative diplococcus
outbreaks in college dorms
vaccination for types A C Y W B but not X

50
Q

Listeriosis causative agent and attributes

A

Listeria monocytogenes (gram +)
Reproduces in phagocytes, can lead to sepsis, can grow at low temps
Can lead to stillbirth

51
Q

Why do doctors tell pregnant women to avoid sushi/raw fish?

A

Listeria monocytogenes can grow at low temps and cross the placenta to cause stillbirth

52
Q

Pneumococcal meningitis

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae (gram +)
Prevented by conjugated vaccine (Prevnar20)
Also causes pneumonia and otitis media
common in children

53
Q

Chemotherapy for bacterial meningitis

A

Broad spectrum 3rd gen cephalosporins
Vancomycin ( cell wall inhibitor)
(subject to change after diagnosis)

54
Q

Leprosy cause, treatment, and attributes

A

Mycobacterium leprae-acid fast
spreads via contact/inhalation secretions
progressive disfiguring nodules; affects mucous membranes
Treat with dapsone (sulfonamide), rifampin, clofazimine (lipid dye)

BIO 2270/1 (8 decks)

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