quiz 2 Flashcards by Brianna Feifer

Histology

Study of Tissue structure `

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nissl stains

allows scientists to see all cell bodies in a tissue section
measures size / # of cells I particular region

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Golgi Stains

see detailed version of cell structure (axon, dendrites, etc.)

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autoradiography

distribution of radioactive chemicals in tissues

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Immunohistochemistry

reveals distribution of neurons that make a protein of interest

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In Situ Hybridization

RNA / DNA component
labels only neurons which gene of interest has been turned on

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Tract Tracers

pattern of connections between neurons

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CAT / CT Scans

x-ray at several positions around head
radiation
visualize strokes, tumors, cortical shrinkage

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MRI

magnetisms & radio-frequency energy to create images

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DTI

modified MRI
images axonal interconnections between brain regions

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fMRI

change in blood flow
small changes in brain metabolism

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PET

metabolic activity
brains activity during behavioral tasks

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TMS

identify brain area that is active during specific behaviors
used to treat depression

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MEG

mesurases tiny magnetic fields produced by active neurons to create map of brain activity during cognitive tasks
tracks quick changes in brain activity
quicker than fMRI

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Somatic Intervention

Change in body structure
looking for change in behavior

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Behavioral Intervention

Alter behavior (IV) looking for change in body (DV)

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Within Participants Experiment

same individuals compared before / after experiment

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Between - Participants Experiment

different set of individuals treated the same way but without the manipulation

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Anions

negatively charged ion

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cations

positively charged

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Intracellular fluid

watery solution within cells (cytoplasm)

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Extracellular Fluid

fluid in spaces between cells

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Resting Potential

Difference in electrical potential across membrane of a neuron @ rest
-65 mV

Ion Channel

pore in cell membrane that permits passage of certain ions
ex) potassium ion channel / sodium ion channel

Selective Permeability

allows some substances to pass, but not all

Diffusion

spread of molecules from high concentrated areas to low concentration move down concentration gradient

Electrostatic Pressure

distribution of electrical charges to area w/ opposite charge

Equilibrium Potential

movement of ions across cell membrane is balanced electrostatic pressure & diffusion offset each other -65 mV

Hyperpolarization

membrane potential further from 0 interior of neuron becomes more negative increase in membrane potential (ex. -80 mV)

Depolarization

closer to 0 interior of neuron less negative decrease in membrane potential

threshold

enough intensity to trigger action potential in axon -40 mV

action potential

- inside of neuron positive momentarily

All or none property

fires at full amplitude or not at all strength of price = same price

afterpotential

after action potential overcompensates for action potential more hyperpolarized than resting potential

Absolute Refractory Phase

can't generate another action potential after action potential

Relative Refractory Phase

only strong stimulation could produce another action potential

Sodium - Potassium Pump

pushes 3 Na+ ions out of cell & 2 K+ ions into cell

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential

depolarizing potential more Na+ channels open

Inhibitory Post synaptic Potential

decreases probability that action potential will fire again

Spatial Summation

potentials originating from different physical locations across dendrites

Temporal Summation

summation of post synaptic potentials that reach axon hillock at different times

Propagation

spread of axon potentials & electrical signals down the axon dependent on voltage gated channels

saltatory conduction

form conduction characteristic of myelinated axons in w/ AP jumps from node to node

Synaptic Vesicles

inside presynaptic axon terminal fuse w/ membrane to release neurotransmitters contains molecules of neurotransmitters

Synaptic Cleft

space btwn pre / post synaptic neurons at a synapse

synaptic delay

delay btwn arrival of action potential @ axon terminal & creation of postsynaptic potential

Ligand

Key molecule that binds into receptor if right size / shape

Neurotransmitter Receptor

lock sense & react to molecules of corresponding neurotransmitter

agonist

boosts actions of transmitter

Antagonist

block action of transmitter

degradation transmitter

molecules rapidly broken down & inactivate special enzymes

Reuptake

molecules taken back up presynaptic terminal & reused

Transporter

returns transmitter molecules to presynaptic neuron for reuse

EEG

recording of electrical activity w/ electrodes on scalp

Event related Potentials

EEG responses to single stimuli used to detect seizures