quiz 1 Flashcards by Brianna Feifer

Dendrites

receive info

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Axon Hillock

where axon originates (cone shaped), where info is gathered & integrated

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axon

Carries action potential from cell body to axon terminal

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myelin

insulates axons to increase speed that action potentials are conducted, formed by glial cells

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Nodes of Randeveir

uninsulated patches of axon, increases signal boosting

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Axon terminals

transmit neuron’s signals across synapses to other cells

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axon collateral

axon splits into multiple branches

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Input Zone

Neurons collect & process info from the environment to other cells

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Integration Zone

Decision to produce Neural signal

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conduction zone

info is transmitted over distances (axon)

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Output Zone

Neuron transfers info to other cells (axon terminal)

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Multipolar Neuron

1 axon, multiple dendrites

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Bipolar Neuron

1 axon, 1 dendrite (sensory systems - vision, smell, sight)

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Unipolar Neuron

after leaving cell body splits into 2 sections - dendritic branches & axon (spinal & cranial nerves - pain, temperature, etc.)

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Presynaptic Membrane

transmits info by releasing neurotransmitter (on axon terminal)

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Synaptic Cleft

space between pre / post synaptic neurons

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Postsynaptic Membrane

receives info

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Axonal Transport

transport materials from cell body to axon terminals & back to cell body

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Electrical Movement

electrical signals down axon to target innervating neuron

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Schwan Cells

Type of Glial cell that forms Myelin in peripheral Nervous System

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Microglial Cells

remove cellular debris from injured / dead cells (Glial Cell)

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Oligodendrocytes:

form myelin in CNS & myelinates axons (glial cell)

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Astrocystes

star shaped, run in all directions, control blood flow, help form membrane that contains the brain (glial cell)

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Peripheral Nervous System

nerves & neurons outside the brain / spinal cord

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Somatic Nervous System

major muscles / sensory systems, receives info VOLUNTARILY (PNS)

Cranial Nerve

connected directly to brain (PNS / Somatic Nervous System)

Spinal Nerves

Emerges from spinal cord, 31 pairs that carry sensory & motor axons

Autonomic Nervous System

Connections of internal organs, involuntary

Sympathetic Nervous System

"Fight or Flight" - increase in heart rate & blood pressure, relaxes bladder, inhibits digestion (Autonomic Nervous System in PNS)

Parasympathetic Nervous System

"rest & digest" - decreases heart rate, stimulates digestion, contracts bladder (Autonomic Nervous System of PNS)

Cerebral Cortex

Thick sheet covering cerebral hemisphere

Corpus Callosum

Connects left & right hemisphere

Frontal Lobe

Higher Order executive functioning, voluntary movement

Parietal Lobe

Processes somatosensory info

Temporal Lobe

Processes emotions & language

Occipital Lobe

Processes visual stimuli

Forebrain

Develops into 2 subdivisions

Telencephalon

Forebrain (anterior) - becomes cerebral hemisphere in adult brain

Diencephalon

Forebrain - posterior becomes thalamus & hypothalamus in adulthood

Midbrain

middle division of neural tube

Hindbrain

Develops into 3 structures

Cerebellum

coordination & control

Pons

origin of cranial nerves (midbrain)

Medulla

Heart Rate & respiration (midbrain)

Limbic System

Emotion & Learning

Amygdala

Emotional regulation & perception of odor (limbic system)

Hippocampus & Fornix

Learning / Memory (limbic System)

Olfactory bulb

Smell (limbic system)

hypothalamus

regulate hormones & motivated behaviors - thirst, hunger, temp. regulation (limbic system)

Thalamus

Directs sensory info to appropriate region of cortex (limbic system)

Cingulate Gyrus

Direction of attention to specific thing (limbic System)

Substantia Nigra (Midbrain - Tegementum)

innervates basal ganglia & loss of its neurons (leads to Parkinsons)

Tectum

Roof of Midbrain

Superior Colliculi

Vision (midbrain - tectum)

Inferior Colliculi

Hearing (midbrain - tectum)

Meninges

3 membranes that protect brain & spinal cord

dura mater

outer sheet, tough layer (meninges)

Arachnoid

Thin layer between dura & pita (meninges)

Pita Mater

Innermost meninges, adheres tightly to brain

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

fluid that fills the cerebral ventricles, picks up waste for clearance, conveys nutrients

Glymphatic System

lymphatic system in brain that removes waste & moves nutrients / signaling compounds Occurs in sleep "trash collector""

Cerebral Arteries

3 pairs of large arteries within skull that supply blood to cerebral Cortex

blood brain barrier

- makes movement of substances from blood vessels into cells more difficult - protects brain from infections

stroke

clot, narrowing or rupture that interrupts blood supply to specific brain region