QUIZ 10 Energy generation I

Question 0

The most significant difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes is

Answer 0

• use aerobic respiration to generate ATP

- utilize glycolysis, but as an initial step in aerobic respiration.

Question 1

Glycolysis

Answer 1

does not require oxygen and is called anaerobic respiration

Question 2

Photosynthesis in plants utilizes carbon dioxide and releases oxygen

Answer 2

the opposite of aerobic respiration

Question 3

Chlorophyll

Answer 3

• most important molecule on Earth for maintaining life

- generates oxygen and consumes carbon dioxide.

Question 4

“dysox theory.”

Answer 4

The consequence of cutting down forests is also a loss of oxygen in the planetary atmosphere as well as increase in carbon dioxide.

Question 5

What are the two primary sources of fuel for aerobic respiration?

Answer 5

• glycolysis of sugars

- β-oxidation of fatty acids.

Question 6

glycolysis produces?

Answer 6

2 pyruvic acid (pyruvate)
2 NADH
2 ATP

Question 7

what happens in β-oxidation?

Answer 7

fatty acids are cut into acetyl groups and then attached to coenzyme A, which directly produces anabundance of ACA – acetyl coenzyme A.

Question 8

What is the purpose of respiration?

Answer 8

To generate Atp.

Question 9

What is aerobic respiration?

Answer 9

the process of burning carbon with oxygen in an exquisitely controlled way which, in a step-by-step manor, extracts as much ATP from the biological rendering of substrates.

Question 10

How has mitochondrion evolved?

Answer 10

to create a concentration gradient between the matrix and the intermembrane space.

Question 11

What is the inner membrane of the mitochondrian?

Answer 11

the cristae

Question 12

What is the battery of the mitochondrion?

Answer 12

The inter-membrane space.

The goal of the Electron Transport Chain – Step 3 – is to fill the intermembrane spacewith H+ ions in high concentration. This creates a battery of sorts, a collection or potential of energy which will be utilized in Step 4 to power the manufacture of ATP.

Question 13

What are porins?

Answer 13

Channel proteins on the outer membrane. They selectively allow small molecules like pyruvic acid or oxygen (O2) into the mitochondrion.

Question 14

The inner membrane includes the cristae and is embedded with many types of molecules, including…

Answer 14

Cytochrome P450 series enzymes, Coenzyme Q10 and other enzymes of the electron transport chain, ATP synthase, and substrate/product transport proteins.

Question 16

Where does aerobic respiration take place?

Answer 16

In the mitochondrion

The mitochondrion is a closed system that facilitates the generation of ATP.

Question 17

Mitochondria carry loops of DNA in the matrix that are constantly coding for the enzymes and proteins needed in which processes?

Answer 17

β-Oxidation
Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
Oxidative Phosphorylation

Question 18

Four Steps of Aerobic Respiration

Answer 18

Step 1. Pyruvate Decarboxylation – matrix
Step 2. Krebs/Citric Acid Cycle – matrix
Step 3. Electron Transport Chain – cristae
Step 4. ADP to ATP Phosphorylation – cristae

Question 19

Pyruvate Decarboxylation

Answer 19

• matrix
• the primary product of the metabolism of glucose in glycolysis
• has one carbon removed as CO2, hence the term decarboxylation
• this process releases one CO2 and one NADH

Question 20

Krebs Cycle or Citric Acid Cycle

Answer 20

• matrix
• called citric acid cycle
• pupose: oxidize carbon from ACA
• to break down the 2-carbon (acetyl) pieces that enter into the cycle from ACA by reacting them with oxygen. This oxidative process releases energy from oxygen
• it burns carbon and makes energy carrier molecules
• it’s waste product is carbon dioxide

Question 21

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

Answer 21

-cristae
-the energy from krebs cycle is passed here by energy carrier molecules and utilized in the ETC of enzymes
-These enzyme complexes move electrons (e–) to
power a build up of potential energy in the
mitochondrion, creating a battery of energy
–IMP–2 OXYGEN USES–>
At the conclusion of the ETC, oxygen is used again but to accept electrons at the end of the ETC. Therefore, in aerobic respiration oxygen is used in 2 different ways; it is burnt in one with carbon, and secondly is used as an electron acceptor, which ends creating water.

Question 22

Oxidative Phosphorylation or ATP Synthase Phosphorylation

Answer 22

This process takes the battery created by the ETC and discharges it across the membrane back into the mitochondrial matrix through the enzyme ATP synthase.

Question 23

What do we need ATP for?

Answer 23

– Driving enzymatic catalysis
– Driving membrane transport proteins
– Driving molecule and macromolecule manufacture (anabolism)

Question 24

the important molecular players in ATP energy generation

Answer 24

Cofactors/Coenzymes
– Ubiquinone
– Coenzyme A
– NAD+/NADH
– FAD/FADH2
– Coenzyme Lipoamide
– FMN (flavin
mononucleotide)

Vitamins
– Riboflavin (B2) -- FADH
– Thiamine (B1)  -- STEP 1
– Pantothenic Acid (B5) -- ACA
– Niacin (B3) -- NADH

Question 25

What does krebs cycle produce?

Answer 25

3 NADH
1 FADH2
2 CO2

Question 26

what is the waste product for the consumption of oxygen and carbon?

Answer 26

Carbon dioxide. CO2

Question 27

what does the enzyme complex pyruvate

dehydrogenase do?

Answer 27

in the first step in energy generation it takes 3-carbon pyruvate from glycolysis and converts pyruvic acid to acetyl coenzyme A (ACA)
–it’s a multi unit enzyme complex